Term
| Seven major components of the alimentary canal |
|
Definition
a. oral cavity b. pharynx c. Esophagus D. Stomach E. Duodenum and small intestine F. Large instestine G. Anus |
|
|
Term
| Four accessory organs of digestion |
|
Definition
A. Salivary Glands B. Pancreas C. Liver D. Gallbladder |
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|
Term
| 3 primary functions of the digestive system |
|
Definition
1. Intake and/or digestio of food, water, vitamins and minerals. 2. Absorb digested food particles, water, vitamins, and essential elements. 3. Eliminate any unsed material in the form of semi-solid waste |
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|
Term
| 2 terms that refer to a radiographic examination of the pharynx and esophagus |
|
Definition
esophagram Barium swallow |
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|
Term
| term that describes the radiographic study of the distal esophagus, stomach, and duodenum |
|
Definition
| Upper Gastrointestinal Series (UGI) |
|
|
Term
| 3 pairs of salivary glands associated with the mouth? |
|
Definition
Parotid Submandibular Sublingual |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 divisions of the pharynx |
|
Definition
nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx |
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Term
| structures that create 2 indentations (notches) seen along the lateral border of the esophagus |
|
Definition
arotic arch left primary bronchus |
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|
Term
| 3 structures that pass through the diaphragm |
|
Definition
inferior vena cava esophagus aorta |
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|
Term
| portion of the upper GI tract that is a common site for ulcer disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| term that describes the junction between the duodenum and jejunum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| c-loop of the duodenum and pancrease are what type of structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the barium on an erect patient? |
|
Definition
bottom of the stomach and duodenal bulb with a straight line demonstrating the air-fluid level. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the brium on a prone patient? |
|
Definition
at the bottom of the stomach and in the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| Where is the barium on a supine patient? |
|
Definition
in the fundus of the stomach. |
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|
Term
| three main subdivisons of the stomach |
|
Definition
fundus body pyloric portion |
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|
Term
| Stomach contents are churned into a semifluid mass called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| churning or mixing activity present inthe small bowel is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 classes of substances that are ingested and need to be chemically digested |
|
Definition
carbohydrates proteins lipids |
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|
Term
| biological catalysts that speed up the process of digestion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
liquid substance that aids in digestion (emulsifier) Where is it manufactured and where is it stored? |
|
Definition
bile Manufactured in the liver / stored in the gallbladder |
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|
Term
Site of limited absorption which may include some water, alcohol, and certian drugs (vitamin k) but no nutrients. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary site of nutrient absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Substances ingested but NOT digested |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Digestion begins in the mouth for what substance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Peristalsis is what type of digestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Body habitus with a high and transverse stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Body habitus with a J-shaped stomach that is moer vertical and lower in the abdomen with the duodenal bulb at the level of L3-4? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Average distance the abdominal organs drop in the erect position? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What abdominal organs are most dramatically affected, in relation to location, by body habitus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Direction of movement of the fundus of the stomach on deep inspiration? Why? |
|
Definition
Inferior diaphragm pushes it down. |
|
|
Term
| type of mechanical digestion in the oral cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of mechanical digestion in the pharynx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of mechanical digestion in the esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of mechanical digestion in the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of mechanical digestion in the small intestine |
|
Definition
peristalsis rhythmic segmentation |
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|
Term
most common form of positive contrast medium used for studies of the GI system. Another term for positive constrast medium? |
|
Definition
barium sulfate Radioopaque |
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|
Term
Negative contrast medium is also called? What are the most common negative contrast mediums? |
|
Definition
Radiolucent room air or carbon dioxide gas produced most commonly from calcium carbonate crystals |
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|
Term
true/false Barium sulfate never disolves in water or other aqueous solutions, such as acids and is a solution. |
|
Definition
False: it does NOT disolve in water or acids but it IS a suspension |
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|
Term
True/False All salts of barium other than chemically pure barium sulfate tend to be toxic or poisonous to the human system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Chemical symbol for barium sulfate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is barium sulfate contraindicated? |
|
Definition
If there is any chance the mixture might escape into the peritoneal cavity. (possiblity of a leak or perforated viscus) |
|
|
Term
| What patient condition would prevent the use ofa water-soluble contrast media for an upper GI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major advantage of using double-contrast media for esophagrams nad upper GIs. |
|
Definition
provides coating and visibility of the mucosa and its patterns, and improves potential visiblity of polyps, diverticula, and ulcers. |
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|
Term
| term for speed with which substances pass through the GI tract. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| purpose of the gas with a double-contrast media technique? |
|
Definition
force barium against the stomach mucosa for better coating. |
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|
Term
| photospot or cine images are taken from which side of the image intensifier? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Convetional spot film imagex on 18 X 24 cm (8 X 10 in) cassettes are recorded from which side of the image intensifier? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many times bright is the fluoroscopic image when enhanced or brightened by the image intensifier? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Radiation protection device below the table that greatly reduces exposure to the technologist when correctly positioned during fluoroscopy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rate of fluoroscopy exposure for Zone A a. >6.7 b. 3.3 to 6.7 c. 1.7 to 3.3 d. <0.4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rate of fluoroscopy exposure for Zone F a. >6.7 b. 3.3 to 6.7 c. 1.7 to 3.3 d. <0.4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rate of fluoroscopy exposure for Zone C a. 0.8 to 1.7 b. <0.4 c. >6.7 d. 1.7 to 3.3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three cardinal rules of radiation protection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the three cardinal principles of radiation protection is most effective in reducing exposure to the technologist during a fluoroscopic procedure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 6 advantages or unique features and capabilities of digital fluoroscopy over conventional fluoroscpic recording systems. |
|
Definition
1. No cassettes are required 2. Optional post fluoroscopy "overhead" images 3. Multiple frame formattng and multiple "original" films. 4. Cine Loop capability 5. Image Enhancement and manipulation 6. Reduced patient exposure |
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|
Term
| Term that describes intermittent "road mapping" when used in digital fluoroscpy. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Pathologic conditions termed cariospasm, is a motor disorder of the esophagus in which peristalsis is reduced along the distal two thirds of the esophagus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions may be congenital or caused by disease such as cancer of the esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions replacement of the normal squamous epithelium with columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions May lead to esophagitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Modality of choice for Barrett's esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions most common tumors of the esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions difficulty in swallowing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions may be secondary to cirrhosis of the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions large outpouchings of the esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions entry of gastric contents intot he esophagus, irritating the lining of the esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Valsalva maneuver demonstrate. |
|
Definition
possible esophageal reflux or regurgitation of gastric contents |
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|
Term
Pathologic conditions Undigested hair mass in the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions undigested vegetable fiber or seeds trapped in the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions the act of vomiting / the act of vomiting blood |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Pathologic conditions 70% of all stomach neoplasms |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Pathologic conditions irregular filling defect within the stomach associated with ulceration of the mucosa. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Pathologic conditions inflammation of the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions blind outpouching of the mucosal wall |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Pathologic conditions undigested material trappe in stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions synonymous with gatric or duodenal ulcer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions portion of stomach protruding through diaphragmatic opening |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Pathologic conditions 5% of ulcers lead to this condition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions Weakening of the esophageal sphincter allowing some of the cardiac portion of the stomach below the diaphragm to move through the esophageal hiatus. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Pathologic conditions double-contrast upper Gi is the gold standard for diagnosing this condition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions schatzke's ring is a radiographic sign of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions most common type of gastric obstruction in infants |
|
Definition
hypertrophic phloric stenosis (HPS) |
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions radiographic sign of free air under the diaphragm, as seen with an erect abdomen radiograph |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions speckled appearance of gastric mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions "wormlike" appearnce of esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions stricture of esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions gastric bubble above diaphragm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions enlarged recess in the proximal esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathologic conditions "lucent-halo" sign during upper GI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What modality is often used to detect early signs of GERD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Modality most effective in diagnosing HPS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
non par os or nothing by mouth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| four tests to detect signs of GERD (esophageal reflux) |
|
Definition
Breathing exercises the water test compression paddle technique the toe touch maneuver |
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|
Term
| breathing technique in which the patient takes in a deep breath and bears down |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| patient position of the water test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| region of GI tract better visualized when the radiologist uses a compression paddle during an esophagram |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| minimum amount of time the patinet should be NPO before an upper GI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why should cigarette and gum chewing be restricted before an upper GI? |
|
Definition
they tend to increase gastric secretions |
|
|
Term
| Why should the technologist review the patient's chart before the beginning of an upper GI? |
|
Definition
Identify any known allergies ensure the proper study has been ordered look for pertinent clinical history |
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|
Term
Pediatric age group barium dosages for UGI studies List each category: a. newborn to 1 year b. 1 to 3 years c. 3 to 10 years d. over 10 years |
|
Definition
a. 2-4 oz. b. 4-6 oz. c. 6-12 oz. d. 12-16 oz. |
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|
Term
| special adaptor that is attached to a syringe to deliver contrast media through a nasogastric tube |
|
Definition
christmas tree or tapered adapter |
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|
Term
| alternative imaging modality to detect esophagel varices |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| modality use for gastric emptying studies |
|
Definition
radionuclides (nuclear med) |
|
|
Term
| why RAO is preferred over LAO |
|
Definition
| better visiblity of the esophagus between the vertebrae and the heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which aspect of the GI tract is best demonstrated with an RAO position during an upper GI? |
|
Definition
| pylorus of stomach and C-loop |
|
|
Term
What is the purpose of the PA axial projection for the hypersthenic patient during an upper GI? |
|
Definition
| to prevent superimposition of pyloric region of the stomach and the duodenal bulb and better visualize the greator and lesser curvatures of the stomach |
|
|
Term
| CR angle for the PA axial projection |
|
Definition
| 35 to 45 degrees cephalad |
|
|
Term
| projection during an upper Gi that demonstrates the retrogastric space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 most common basic or routine projections for an upper GI series |
|
Definition
RAO PA Right lateral LPO AP |
|
|
Term
| 3 most common basic or routine projections for an esophagram |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
true/false A double-contrast upper GI requires a slightly higher kV compared with a single-contrast medium study. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| female gonadal dose range for a well-collimated RAO projection fo the upper GI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| upper GI series usually begins with teh table and patient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major parts fo the stomach on an average patient are usually confined to which abdominal quandrant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most of the duodenum is usually found to the _______ of the midline on an average patient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
true/false Respiration should be suspended during inspiration for upper GI radiographic projections. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Situation: A radiograph of an RAO projection taken during an esophagram demonstrates incomplete filling of the esophagus with barium. What can the technologist do to ensure better filling of the esophagus during the repeat exposure? |
|
Definition
| Have the patient dring thin barium through a straw with continuous swallowing. Take the exposure after 3 or 4 swallows. |
|
|
Term
| Situation: A series of radiographs taken during an upper GI reveal that the stomach mucosa is not well visualized. The following factors were used during this positioning routine: high-speed screens, Bucky, 40-inch (102-cm) SID, 80 kV, 30 mAs, and 300 ml of barium sulfate ingested during the procedure. Which exposure factor should be changed to produce a more diagnostic study? |
|
Definition
| Change the kV to 110 - 125 range. |
|
|
Term
| Situation: A radiograph taken during an upper GI reeals that the anatomic side marker is missing. The technologist is unsure whether it is a recumbent AP or PA projection. The fundus of the stomach is filled with barium. Which position does this radiograph represent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Situation: A radiograph of an RAO projection taken during an upper GI reveals that the duodenal bulb is not well demonstrated and not profiled. The RAO was 45o oblique performed on a hypersthenic-type patient. What positioning modification needs to be made to produce a better image of the duodenal bulb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Situation: A radiograph of an upper GI was taken, but the student technologist is unsure of the position. The radiograph demonstrates that the fundus is filled with barium, but the duodenal bulb is air-filled and seen in profile. Which position does this radiograph represent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Situation: A patient with a clinical history of hiatal hernia comes to the radiology department. Which procedure should be performed on this patient to rule out this condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Situation: A patient with a possible lacerated duodenum enters the emergency room. The ER physician orders an upper GI to determine the extent of the injury. What type of contrast media should be used for this examination? |
|
Definition
| oral, water soluble, iodinated contrast media |
|
|
Term
| Situation: A patient with a fish bone stuck in his esophagus enters the emergency room. What modification to a standard esophagram may be needed to locate the foreign body? |
|
Definition
| may need to have patient swallow a cotton ball soaked with barium or or a barium pill or marshmellow followed by thin barium. |
|
|
Term
| Situation: An upper GI is being performed on a thin, asthenic-type patient. Because of room scheduling conflicts this patient was brought into your room for the overhead follow-up images following fluoroscopy. Where would you center the CR and the 11 x 14 inch (30 X 35 cm) image receptor to ensure that you included the stomach and duodenal regions? |
|
Definition
| Would center lower than usual, to the mid-L3 to L4 region or about 1 1/2 to 2 inches (4 to 5 cm) above the level of the iliac crest. |
|
|
Term
| Situation: A patient with a clinical history of a possible bezoar comes to the radiology department. What is a bezoar, and what radiographic study should be performed to demonstrate this condition? |
|
Definition
bezoar is a mass of undigested material Upper GI will demonstrate it. |
|
|
Term
| Situation: A radiograph of an RAO position taken during an esophagram revels that the esophagus is superimposed over the vertebral column. What positioning error led to this radiographic outcome? What must be altered to eliminate this problem during the repeat exposure? |
|
Definition
| not enough rotation of the body / rotate the patient to be more oblique. |
|
|
Term
| Situation: A patient comes to radiology with a clinical history of possible gastric diverticulum in the posterior aspect of the fundus. Which projection taken during the upper GI series will best demonstrate this defect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Situation: A PA projection taken during an upper GI series performed on an infant reveals that the body and pylorus of the stomach are superimposed. What modification needs to be employed during the repeat exposure to separate these two regions? |
|
Definition
| Angle the CR 20o to 25o cephalic. |
|
|
Term
| Situation: A patient comes to radiology with a clinical history of Barrett's esophagus. In addition to an esophagram, what other imaging modaligy is ideal in demonstrating this condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Situation: A patient has a clinical history of hemochromatosis. Which imaging modality is most effective in diagnosing this condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| iron overload; leads to an abnormal amount of iron being deposited within the liver parenchyma. |
|
|
Term
| What is the modality of choice to demonstrate trauma and tumors of the GI tract and accessory organs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alternate modality for demonstrating esophageal varices and carcinoma of the esophagus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What body parts make up the "romance of the abdomen"? |
|
Definition
| C-loop of the duodenum and the head of the pancreas. |
|
|
Term
What is another term for esophagram |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the condition that results from a viral infection of the parotid gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which structure in the pharynx prevents aspiration of food and fluid into the larynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The esophagus extends from C5-6 to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Greek term gaster, or gastro, mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which one of the following aspects fo the stomach is defined as an indentation between the body and phylorus? A. Cardiac antrum C. Incisura cardiaca B. Pyloric antrum D. Incisura angularis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name the term: Middle aspect of stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name the term: horizontal portion of duodenum |
|
Definition
Third portion fo duodenum |
|
|
Term
Name the term: Gastric folds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name the term: Opening between esophagus and stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name the term: Opening leaving the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name the term: found along superior aspect of fundus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name the term: Indentation found along lesser curvature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name the term: Ascending portion of duodenum |
|
Definition
Fourth portion of duodenum |
|
|
Term
Name the term: Most posterior aspect of stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ratio of barium to water for thick mixture of barium sulfate? |
|
Definition
3 or 4 parts barium to 1 part water |
|
|
Term
| What is the ratio for a thin barium mixture? |
|
Definition
one part barium to one part water |
|
|
Term
true/false The numerous mucosal folds found in the small bowel are called rugae. |
|
Definition
false (rugae are in the stomach) |
|
|
Term
true / false The lateral margin of the stomach is called the lesser curvature. |
|
Definition
false - greater curvature |
|
|
Term
| What condition may pervent the use of water-soluble contrast agents for a geriatric patient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
true / false Water-soluble contrast agents pass through the gastrointestinal tract faster than barium sulfate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Protective aprons of _________ lead equivalency must be worn during fluoroscopy? A. 1.0 mm Pb/Eq C. 0.25 mm Pb/Eq B. 0.50 mm Pb/Eq D. 0.15 mm Pb/Eq |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What criterion is used with ultrasound in determining whether a patient has HPS? A. Abnormally long pylorus B. Absence of rugae C. Presence of air-fluid level in the duodenum D. Antral muscle thickness exceeding 4 mm |
|
Definition
D. Antral muscle thickness exceeding 4 mm |
|
|
Term
| Why is the AP projection of the esophagus not a preferred projection for the esophagram series? |
|
Definition
| A majority of the esophagus is superimposed over the spine and thus is not well visualized. |
|
|
Term
| Which upper GI position will best demonstrate a possible gastric diverticulum in the posterior wall of the fundus of the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Situation: An upper GI series is performed on an asthenic patient. A radograph of the RAO positon reveals that the duodenal bulb and the C loop are not in profile. The technologist rotated the patient 50 degrees. What modification of the position is required during the repeat exposure? |
|
Definition
Reduce roation of the patient to 40 degrees. |
|
|
Term
A radiograph taken during a double-contrast upper GI demonstrates that the fundus is barium-filled and that the duodenal bulb is air-filled. This ws either an AP or PA radiograph, which needs to be repeated. Which specific position does this radiograph represent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Situation: A patient with a clinical history of cirrhosis of the liver with acute GI bleeding comes to the radiology department. what may be the most likely reason that an esophagram was ordered for this patient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Situation: During an esophagram, the radiologist asks the patient to try to bear down as if having a bowel movement. What is this maneuver called, and why did the radiologist make such a request? |
|
Definition
Valsalva maneuver check for esophageal reflux |
|
|
Term
| Situation: During an upper GI, the radiologist reports that she sees a "lucent-halo" sign in the duodenum. What form of pathology did the radiologist observe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which one fo the following technical/positioning factors does not apply to a Gastrografin upper GI study? A. 125 kV B. 40-inch (100-cm) SID C. Exposure made on Expiration D. Erect and recumbent positions performed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Situation: A radiograph of an upper GI is not labeled correctly, and the technologist is unsure which position was performed. A double-contrast GI study was completed with all positions performed recumbent. The radiograph demonstrates barium in the fundus and air in the body and pylorus and duodenal bulb in profile. Which position was performed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which one of the following shielding devices best reduces exposure to the torso of the fluoroscopist? A. Leaad drape C. Lead gloves B. Bucky shield D. Grid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Situation: During an esophagram, the radiologist remarks taht Schatzke's ring is present. Which condition or disease process is indicated by the presence of this radiographic sign? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Situation: A patient comes to radiology with a clinical history of a possible trichobezoar. What is a trichobezoar, and which radiographic procedure will best diagnose it? |
|
Definition
It is a mass of hair trapped in the stomach. Upper GI study will demonstrate it. |
|
|
