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| Millions of tiny spherical air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Thin walled epithelial structures are in contact with lush capillary network, oxygen reaches the alveoli crosses the epithelium into the blood for transport to the heart, then to the body tissues. |
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is a blood test using blood from an artery. It involves puncturing an artery with a thin needle and syringe and drawing a small volume of blood. The most common puncture site is the redial artery at the wrist, but sometimes the femoral in the groin or other sites are used. The blood can also be drawn from an arterial catheter.
The test is used to determine the pH of the blood, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and oxygen, and the bicarbonate level. Many blood gas analyzers will also report concentrations of lactate, hemoglobin, several electrolytes, oxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin. ABG testing is mainly used in pulmonology, to determine gas exchange levels in the blood related to lung function, but has a variety of applications in other areas of medicine. |
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| Narrow airways that conduct air into alveolar ducts and alveoli |
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| Narrowing of the bronchioles caused by tightening of the smooth muscles in the airways |
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| Grayish, bluish, or purplish skin tone due to reduced o2 saturation of hemoglobin |
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| Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration |
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| is the expectoration (coughing up)of blood or of blood-stained sputum from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs (e.g. in tuberculosis or other respiratory infections). |
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| Rapid and deep respirations, resulting in removal of too much carbon dioxide from the blood; indicated by decreased PaCO2, may result in respiratory alkalosis. |
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| Breathing insufficient to meet metabolic demands and adequately remove carbon dioxide from the blood; indicated by elevated PaCO2, called hypercapnia, and may result in respiratory acidosis. |
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| Decreased amount of oxygen in the arterial blood |
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| Decreased amount of oxygen to the tissues |
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| Noninvasive means for approximating oxygenation that uses infrared light and a sensor attached to the client’s finger or earlobe to determine the percentage of hemoglobin that has combined with oxygen. NOT effective in detecting de-saturation of oxygen sat of the hemoglobin molecule if the oxygen is displaced with carbon monoxide (CO) as with carbon monoxide poisoning—pulse oximetry will measure as a high percent, and patient’s skin and mucous membranes will be pink to cherry-red in appearance. |
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| Exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen in lungs and in tissues |
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| Permanent or temporary opening into the trachea through the neck |
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| ovement of air in and out of the lungs; breathing |
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| Movement of air in and out of the lungs; breathing |
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