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Roseman Block 4
Pharmacology
156
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 1
03/26/2012

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Pharmakon
Definition
medicine
Term
Logos
Definition
study
Term
Parmacology includes the study of...
Definition
1.Drugs and their
* Interactions within the body
* Medicinal purposes
* Toxic characteristics
* Social or recreational use
Term
3 general properties of drugs
Definition
1.Drugs do not create a response in the body but modify the body's response.
2.Drugs exert multiple effects on the body rather than a single effect.
3.Drug action occurs as the result of an interaction of the drug with a molecule or structure in the body.
Term
chemical name
Definition
describes the drug using exact chemical nomenclature.
Term
Generic name
Definition
* Derived from chemical name.
* First letter of the generic name not capitalized
* Also known as nonproprietary name
Term
Trade name
Definition
* Provided by the manufacturer
* First letter is capitalized
* Also known as proprietary name or brand name.
Term
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
Definition
* first major drug law
* Provided consumers accurate information about the quality of drug products.
* Designated the United States Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary as sources of the official standards for drugs.
Term
Sherley Amendment (1912)
Definition
* Amended the Pure Food and Drug Act
* Prohibited labeling drugs with false therapeutic claims.
Term
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938)
Definition
* Amended the Pure Food and Drug Act
-Established the FDA
Term
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Definition
* Center for drug evaluation and research.
* Center for biologics evaluation and research.
* Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition.
Term
Kefauver-Harris Amendment (1962)
Definition
Tightened control on drug safety
* authorized FDA to establish official names for drugs.
Term
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994.
Definition
* Regulate herbal products and dietary supplements.
* FDA has power to remove a product that has significant risk.
Term
Dietary Supplement and Nonprescription Drug Consumer Protection Act (2007).
Definition
* Contact information and contents required on labels.
Term
Prescription Drug User Fee Act (1992).
Definition
* Yearly product user fees for drug and biologic manufacturers.
* Decreased the time in the drug approval process.
Term
FDA Modernization Act
Definition
Prescription Drug User Fee Act was reauthorized.
Term
5 Phases of drug development
Definition
1. Preclinical testing.
2. FDA 30 day safety review
3. Clinical Testing in Humans
4. NDA review and approval
5. Phase IV: Postmarketing surveillance of the drug.
Term
Phases of clinical trial
Definition
* Phase I---Small number of healthy volunteers that do not have the disease or ailment.
* Phase II----Small number of volunteers with the disease or ailment.
* Phase III----Large number of clients in research center.
* Phase IV----Postmarketing surveillance of the drug. (this is where nurses are involved)
Term
Orphan Drugs
Definition
Used to treat rare and/or unusual diseases.
-"orphans"-no one wants the cost of developing these meds.
Term
Durham-Humphrey Amendments (1952) to the 1938 Act.
Definition
Legend drugs--Classified drugs as ones requiring a prescription.

Non legend drugs--over the counter
Term
Rx:written order
Definition
-diagnosis prior to taking med
-Correct drug
-Education on proper use of drug.
Term
OTC:available to the public
Definition
-saves time and money.
-serious adverse effects if instructions are not followed.
Term
Harrison Narcotic Law (1914)
Definition
-Regulated habit forming narcotics'
* Importation
* Manufacture
* Sale
* Use
Term
The Controlled Substance Act (1970)
Definition
Controlled drugs are categorized according to their abuse potential and medical usefulness. 1-5
Term
The six rights
Definition
1. Right med
2. Right patient
3. Right tim
4. Right Route
5. Right Dosage
6. Right Documentation
Term
Nasal Mucosa
Definition
Controlled by ANS
=SNS: Constriction
=PNS: Dilation
Term
First line of immune defense
Definition
Mucus
Defense cells
-mast cells: contains histimine
-basophils
Term
Allergic Rhinitis
Definition
-Inflammation of nasal mucosa
-Symptoms
=tearing, sneezing, congestion...
Term
Allergic Rhinitis treatment
Definition
Drugs
-Preventers
=Antihistamines
=Intranasal corticosteroids
=Mast cell stabilizers
-Relievers
=Oral and intranasal decongestants
Term
Adrenergic
Definition
mimics sympathomimetic system
Term
Cholinergic
Definition
mimics parasympathomimetic system
Term
Anti-cholinergic
Definition
blocks the parasympathomimetic reaction
Term
Anti-adrenergic
Definition
blocks the sympathomimetic reaction
Term
SNS
Definition
vasoconstriction "fight or flight"
Term
PNS
Definition
Vasodilation "rest and digest"
Term
Histamine
Definition
An organic nitrogen compound involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.
Term
Antihistamine
Definition
"Histamine antagonist" is a pharmaceutical drug that inhibits the action of histamine by blocking it from attaching to histamine receptors; or may inhibit the enzymatic activity of histidine decarboxylase, catalyzing the transformation of histidine into histamine.
Term
fluticasone (Flonase, Veramyst...)
Definition
nasal spray, is a synthetic corticosteroid. Used to treat seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis.
Term
Anticholinergic effects
Definition
-Beneficial: dry mucous membranes
-Adverse: excessive dry mucous membranes. Dry mouth, urinary hesitancy
Term
mimetics
Definition
mimic the system
Term
ergic
Definition
activated by; or sensitive to; releasing; resembling the effect produced by;
Term
Adrenergic
Definition
of or relating to drugs that mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
Term
acetylcholine
Definition
the acetic acid ester of choline released and hydrolyzed during nerve conduction and causing muscle action by transmitting nerve impulses across synapses.
Term
ine
Definition
of or pertaining to; made of; like;
Term
Cholinergic
Definition
Relating to a neuron or axon that is activated by or is capable of releasing acetylcholine when a nerve impulse passes. The nerve ending of the parasympathetic NS are cholinergic.
Term
sympatholytic
Definition
opposing the physiological effects of stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Term
Sympathetic nervous system
Definition
The part of the autonomic nervous system that tends to act in opposition to the parasympathetic nervous system, as by speeding up the heartbeat and causing contraction of the blood vessels. It regulates the function of the sweat glands and stimulates the secretion of glucose in the liver. The sympathetic nervous system is activated especially under conditions of stress. Compare parasympathetic nervous system.
Term
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Definition
parasympathetic nervous system n.
The part of the autonomic nervous system originating in the brain stem and the lower part of the spinal cord that, in general, inhibits or opposes the physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system, as in tending to stimulate digestive secretions or slow the heart.
Term
what do you worry about with nasal decongestants
Definition
Vasoconstriction=high blood pressure

It mimics the Adrenergic system-Vasoconstriction
Term
Congestion
Definition
Oxymetazine (Afrin)
Term
Expectorant
Definition
Guaifenesin
Term
Antitussive
Definition
Dextromethorphan
Term
Mucolytic
Definition
Acetulcysteine
Term
H1 Receptor Antagonists
Definition
diphenhydramine
Term
Intranasal corticosteroids
Definition
fluticasone
Term
SABA Short acting Beta agonists (rescue drugs)
Definition
-pirbuterol (Maxair)
-terbutalin (Brethine)
-albuterol (Proventil)
-levalbuterol (Xopenex)
Term
LABA Long acting Beta Agonists (treatment drugs)
Definition
-salmeterol (Serevent)
-arformoterol (Brovan)
-formoterol (Foradil, Perforomist)
Term
hypokalemia
Definition
low levels of potassium
Term
Mast Cell stabilizers
Definition
-Are the safest of all asthmas treatments.
-Not for acute asthma
-Sting or burning sensation
-Short half life: administer 4-6times per day.
Term
What is the number 1 cause of COPD?
Definition
Smoking
Term
Bronchodilators
Definition
Beta Agonists(used the most)
-SABA-rescue
-LABA-Solmeterol
Anticholinergic-ipratropium
Methylyanthines-theopollyne
-PO, narrow therapeutic index, sever side effects
Term
Antiinflamitories
Definition
Inhaled Corticosteriods (use spacer, thresh risk)
-Raised cortisol-systemic
-Glucose-diabetes
-Bleclomethesone
Leukotriene modifiers
-Zafirlukast, montelukast, sielutan
Mast Cell Stabilizer-Cromelyn
Term
Primary use for beta-adrenergic blockers
Definition
hypertension
Term
adverse affects of beta-adrenergic blockers
Definition
fatigue, decreased libido, erectile dysfunction.
Term
Primary use of alpha1-adrenergic antagonists
Definition
hypertension
Term
adverse effects of alpha1-adrenergic antagonists
Definition
orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, nausea, nervousness, fatigue
Term
mechanism of action of alpha1-adrenergic antagonists
Definition
to block sympathetic receptors in arterioles leading to vasodilation.
Term
Primary use of alpha2-adrenergic agonists
Definition
hypertension
Term
adverse effects of alpha2-adrenergic agonists
Definition
sedation, dizziness, abnormalities in sexual function.
Term
Alpha2-adrenergic agonists drugs
Definition
clonidine (catapres); methyldopa (Aldomet
Term
Alpha1-Adrenergic Antagonists drugs
Definition
doxazosin (Cardura)
Term
Primary use of direct vasodilators
Definition
for severe hypertension and hypertension crisis.
Term
Adverse effects of Direct Vasodilators
Definition
reflex tachycardia, sodium and fluid retention
Term
Direct Vasodilators mechanism of action
Definition
to cause vasodilation by direct relaxation of arterial smooth muscle
Term
Direct vasodilators prototype drug
Definition
hydrlazine (Apresoline)
Term
The patient is on two antihypertensive drugs. The nurse recognizes that the advantage of combination therapy is..
Definition
There will be fewer side effects and greater patient compliance.
Term
SVR=
Definition
Systemic vascular resistence
Term
Alpha1-Adrenergic Antagonists drugs
Definition
doxazosin (Cardura)
Term
Primary use of direct vasodilators
Definition
for severe hypertension and hypertension crisis.
Term
Adverse effects of Direct Vasodilators
Definition
reflex tachycardia, sodium and fluid retention
Term
Direct Vasodilators mechanism of action
Definition
to cause vasodilation by direct relaxation of arterial smooth muscle
Term
Direct vasodilators prototype drug
Definition
hydrlazine (Apresoline)
Term
The patient is on two antihypertensive drugs. The nurse recognizes that the advantage of combination therapy is..
Definition
There will be fewer side effects and greater patient compliance.
Term
SVR=
Definition
Systemic vascular resistence
Term
Angina
Definition
chest pain in heart region. It is a symptom of a myocardial infarction.
Term
Myocardial infarction
Definition
interruption of blood supply to a part of the heart causing cells to die.
Term
Angina Pectoris
Definition
-Acute chest pain due to insufficient O2 to myocardium.

-Accompanies physical exertion or emotional excitement.

-Cuases increased myocardial oxygen demand.
Term
Nitrates primary use
Definition
for lowering myocardial oxygen demand.
Term
Nitrates adverse effects
Definition
hypotension, dizziness, headache, flushing of face, rash
Term
Nitrates mechanism of action
Definition
relax both arterial and venous smooth muscle; dilate coronary arteris.
Term
Nitrates prototype drug
Definition
nitroglycerin (Nitrostat)
Term
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers primary use
Definition
for prophylaxis of stable angina
Term
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers adverse effects
Definition
fatigue, insomnia, drowsiness, impotence, bradycardia, confusion.
Term
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers mechanism of action
Definition
to reduce the cardiac workload by slowing heart rate and reducing contractility.
Term
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers prototype drug
Definition
atenolol (Tenormin)
Term
Calcium Channel Blockers primary use
Definition
for lowering blood pressure; bring more oxygen into myocardium
Term
Calcium Channel Blockers Adverse effects
Definition
hypotension, bradycardia, heart failure, constipation, headaches, dizziness, edema,
Term
Calcium Channel Blockers mechanism of action
Definition
to reduce cardiac workload by relaxing arteriolar smooth muscle; dilate coronary arteries.
Term
Calcium Channel Blockers prototype drug
Definition
diltiazem (Cardizem)
Term
Reduce Myocardial Demand for O2 by...
Definition
-slowing heart rate
-reducing preload
-reducing contractility
-lowering blood pressure (reduce afterload)
Term
Thrombolysis
Definition
the breakdown of blood clots
Term
Thrombolytics
Definition
used in myocardial infarction to clear a blocked artery and avoid permanent damage to tissue.
Term
Thrombolitics primary use
Definition
for restoring circulation to myocardium
Term
Thrombolitics adverse effects
Definition
excessive bleeding
Term
Thrombolitics prototype drug
Definition
reteplase (Retavase)
Term
Thrombolitics mechanism of action
Definition
to dissolve clots obstructing coronary arteries.
Term
Adjunct drugs for myocardial infarction
Definition
* Nitrates
-Diagnosis of MI; arterial venous dilation; relieve coronary artery vasospasm

* Beta-Adrenergic Blockers
-Reduce myocardial oxygen demand; slow impulse conduction through the heart.

* ACE Inhibitors
-Increased survival for those MI patients administered captopril (Capoten) or lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestoretic)
Term
Nitrates are potent what?
Definition
Vasodilators
Term
Name some nitrate drugs
Definition
isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil), isosorbide mononitrate (Imudur), nitroglycerin (Nitrostat)
Term
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers do what?
Definition
-Reduce cardiac workload
Term
Calcium Channel Blockers do what?
Definition
Reduce cardiac workload and dilate coronary arteries
Term
Thrombolytics do what
Definition
dissove clots
Term
types of drugs for Heart Failure
Definition
-ACE Inhibitors
-Diuretics
-Beta adrenergic blockers
-Cardiac Glycosides
-Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
Term
What is heart failure?
Definition
Inability of ventricles to pump enough blood for body's needs.

Weakening of heart muscle due to aging or disease.
Term
If a patient has hyperkalemia they can develope an...
Definition
autoimmune disease
Term
Normal potasium level is...
Definition
3.5-5
Term
Normal blood glucose level is...
Definition
60-100mg/dl
Term
ACE Inhibitors prototype drug
Definition
lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril)
Term
ACE Inhibitors mechanism of action
Definition
to enhance excretion of sodium and water.
Term
ACE Inhibitors primary use
Definition
to decrease blood pressure and reduce blood volume; dilate veins
Term
ACE Inhibitors adverse effects
Definition
first dose hypotension, cough, hyperkalemia, renal failure
Term
Diuretics prototype drug
Definition
furosemide (Lasix)
Term
Diuretics mechanism of action
Definition
to increase urin flow, reducing blood volume and cardiac workload.
Term
Diuretics primary use
Definition
to reduce edema and pulmonary congestion.
Term
Diuretics adverse effects
Definition
dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, hypotension, ototoxicity.
Term
Cardiac Glycosides prototype drug
Definition
digoxin (Lanoxin)
Term
Cardiac Glycosides mechanism of action
Definition
to cause more forceful heartbeat, slower heart rate.
Term
Cardiac Glycosides primary use
Definition
to increase contractility or strength of myocardial contraction.
Term
Cardiac Glycosides adverse effects
Definition
neutropenia, dysrhythmias, digitalis toxicity.
Term
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers for heart failure prototype drug
Definition
Metroprolol (Lopressor, Troprol XL)
Term
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers for heart failure mechanism of action
Definition
block cardiac action of sympathetic nervous system to slow heart rate and B/P, reducing workload of heart.
Term
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers for heart failure primary use
Definition
to reduce symptoms of heart failure and slow progression of disease
Term
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers for heart failure adverse effects
Definition
fluid retention, worsening of heart failure, fatigue, hypotension, bradycardia, heart block
Term
Vasodilators for heart failure prototype drugs
Definition
hydralazine (Apresoline); isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil)
Term
Vasodilators for heart failure mechanism of action
Definition
to relax blood vessels
Term
Vasodilators for heart failure primary use
Definition
to lower blood pressure
Term
Vasodilators for heart failure adverse reactions
Definition
reflex tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension
Term
Vasodilators are used for clients who cannot take what?
Definition
ACE inhibitors
Term
Hemostatics prototype drug
Definition
aminocaproic acid (Amicar)
Term
Hemostatics mechanism of action
Definition
to prevent fibrin from dissolving
Term
Hemostatics primary use
Definition
to prevent and treat excessive bleeding from surgical sites
Term
Hemostatics adverse effects
Definition
may cause hypercoagulation with concurrent use of estrogen and oral contraceptives
Term
Hemostaics prevent formation of what?
Definition
Clots
-Inhibit removal of fibrin
Term
Kidneys regulate what?
Definition
1.Fluid volume
2.electrolytes,
3.acid-base balance
-they do more than just those three.
Term
Kidneys secrete what?
Definition
1.Renin-for blood pressure regulation
2.Erythropoietin-to stimulate blood cell production.
3.Calcitrol-active form of vitamin D for bone hemeostasis
Term
most common cause of acute renal failure is what?
Definition
hypoperfusion
Term
Diuretics
Definition
increase urine output
Term
CHF
Definition
Congestive Heart Failure
Term
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers (Class II) prototype drug
Definition
propranolol (Inderal)
Term
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers (Class II) mechanisim of action
Definition
to block beta receptors, which reduces automaticity and slows conduction velocity across myocardium.
Term
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers (Class II) primary use
Definition
to treat atrial dysrhythmias associated with heart failure.
Term
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers (Class II) adverse effects
Definition
bradycardia, hypotension with dizziness and fainting.
Term
Potassium channel blockers (Class III) prototype drug
Definition
amiodarone (Cordarone)
Term
Potassium channel blockers (Class III) mechanism of action
Definition
to block potassium-ion channels in myocardial cells, which prolongs refractory period of heart.
Term
Potassium channel blockers (Class III) primary use
Definition
to treat resistant ventricular tachycardia, atrial dysrhythmias with heart failure.
Term
Potassium channel blockers (Class III) adverse effects
Definition
blurred vision, pneumonia like syndrome, bradycardia, hypotension
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