The bulk of acid production is produced by metabolism of:

1.  carbohydrates

2.  proteins

3.  lipids

4.  all of the above

• there is more bicarbonate present in the ECF than any other buffer
• the supply of CO2 is unlimited
• acidity of the ECF can be controlled via HCO₃^- or CO₂

• alterations in tidal volume and respiratory rate can alter CO2 excretion
• primarily controlled by chemoreceptors in the brain stem
• pCO2 inversely related to respiratory rate and tidal volume

• bicarbonate is freely filtered at the glomerulus and reabsorbed via the proximal tubules
• to maintain acid/base balance -- the kidneys must be capable of reabsorbing the filtered bicarbonate

What causes a decrease in pCO2 (alkalosis)?

1.  increased resp. rate, increased tidal volume, increased CO2 excretion

2.  decreased resp. rate, decreased tidal volume, decrease CO2 excretion

3.  increased resp. rate, decreased tidal volume, increased CO2 excretion

4.  decreased resp. rate, increased tidal volume, decreased CO2 excretion

Metabolic disorders are primarily regulated by:

1.  the liver

2.  the brainstem

3.  the kidneys

4.  the lungs

1. pain, anxiety, fever brain tumors
2. salicylates

1. hypokalema
2. hypocalcemia
3. hypophosphatemia

acute:

1. severe pneumonia
2. medications - opioids, benzodiazepines, alcohol

chronic:

1. COPD

What are the metabolic changes for resp. acidosis?

• has many ADRs
• can cause renal and hepatic failure
• there is no evidence that THAM is more efficacious than sodium bicarb.