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Romans
Witherington
153
Bible Studies
Undergraduate 2
12/13/2008

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Term
propositio
Definition
location of essential thesis
Term
peroratio
Definition
recapitulates the main arguments in favor of the main thesis
Term
exordium
Definition
beginning of a rhetorical piece, attempts to make the audience well-disposed to what follows
Term
narratio
Definition
explains the nature of the disputed matter
Term
probatio
Definition
argument in favor of thesis
Term
Why does Paul have to pick and choose his words carefully here in the beginning of Romans?
Definition
they are not his converts, he must establish his authority over them and make a good first impression
Term
Is Paul doing any apologetics in Romans where would that be and what is he defending?
Definition
Rom 9-11
defending his Jewish heritage, Jewish-Christians, non-Christian Jews
Term
Does the argument against it have a lot of merit? Why is Romans 16 important?
Definition
not a lot of merit
-proves Paul has contacts in Rome
-proves Paul was writing about specific issues
-Paul has authority!
Term
What is Paul's specific rhetorical strategy for including those names?
Definition
he is seeking credubility and making his audience receptive and welcoming of his message and his coming
-also maybe are used to show Paul's authority and the fact that Roman Gentile Christians need to welcome the Jews that Paul mentions
Term
History of Romans?
Definition
49 AD: Edict of Claudius
-expelled Jews from Rome
54 AD: Nero allowed them back in
56-57 AD
-Romans written while Paul was in Corinth
Term
Paul's use of diatribe?
Definition
this is just his rhetorical style and should not be taken to mean that Paul has opponents in Rome
Term
Who are the God-fearers?
Definition
Gentiles who had attended synagogue but had not yet converted to Judaism
Term
About how many house churches does Paul know of in Rome? Why does this explain the "dissension and tendency to fragmentation"?
Definition
5 house churches
no centralized authority with the tendency to fragment/fight
Term
Why does Paul ask his Gentile audience to pass his greetings on to the Jewish Christias?
Definition
creates unity, first step of reconciliation btwn groups
-koinonia and hosptality
Term
If Paul leaves a socio-economic hierarchy intact, what 2 other hierarchies are not?
Definition
ethnic and gender hierarchies
Term
What is Nero's state of mind and action when Paul wrote this letter?
Definition
Nero was sane and ambitious, true peace, no persecution
Term
Why are other religions and their practices obsolete (w/ priests, temples, sacrifices etc)?
Definition
Christ is the final and ultimate atoning sacrifice
Term
Language of majority of Jews in first century Rome?
Definition
Greek
Term
Who would have read this letter aloud?
Definition
probably Phoebe
*very important to understand that this was to be read aloud!*
Term
Is Romans a summary of all Christian doctrine?
Definition
NO!
Term
Why did Paul write this letter?
Definition
(1)gain support for future mission work [Spain]
(2)have R.G.C endorse/recognize/embody the vision of Jew/Gentile unity in Christ
Term
apotheosis
Definition
elevation/exaltation of a person to the height of a god
Term
euangelion
Definition
good news
Term
What is the purpose of this rich introduction?
Definition
Paul wants to create a cnxn with Roman audience and demonstrate his authority as a apostle, representative and servant of God
Term
Apostolos?
Definition
"called out and set apart person"
-like a legal agent, sent to undertake a task with the authority/power of the sender
Term
Anti-imperial rhetoric and euangelion?
Definition
Roman emperors proclaimed the "good news" of victory when they came home from battle, changed an emperor etc
Here it means the true salvation of Christ
Term
What inaugurated the eschaton?
Definition
resurrection of Jesus
Term
Why does Paul use terms formerly used of Israel for larger Gentile audience?
Definition
believes that Jew and Gentile who believe are united in Christ, therefore are God's eschatalogical ppl
Term
Is Paul a supersessionist? Is Romans supersessionist rhetoric?
Definition
-NO! (he is a completionist: waiting for Jesus' return to make complete the united family of Jew and Gentile in Christ)
-Romans = anti-supersessionist rhetoric (gospel first to the Jew)
-
Term
Why does Paul introduce himself as the oft-looked down upon servant?
Definition
He believes that humans were created to serve God with their whole being, therefore they are his servants :)
Term
Theme of Romans?
Definition
righteousness, mercy (9-11)
Term
According to Quintillian, what carries the greatest weight in deliberative speeches?
Definition
authority of the speaker
-Paul is working hard to develop this
Term
How is Paul putting Romans church on notice when he says "your faith is being reported all over the world"(1:8)?
Definition
They are in Rome, capital of Roman empire, others look to them for their example so Paul is saying they had better set a good one
-Paul wants to appeal to their pride
Term
So, Paul wrote Romans in late AD 56-early AD 57, when did he finally get there?
Definition
AD 60
He had to take collection for saints to Jerusalem first, was arrested, and made it to Rome only in bondage
Term
Why the addition of 1:12 to 1:11?
Definition
(1)trying to smooth things over, so R.G.C don't feel like he's going to come in and take over; Paul wants them to know that he will work with them
(2)Focusing on unifying "feel-good" polemics until he gets into the meat of his argument for including Jews with R.G.C
Term
Paul's narratio introduces the beginning of his argument
Definition
if share same believe in God's gospel, then all belong to Christ therefore EQUAL in Christ
Term
What does Paul want from Romans audience, other than unity?
Definition
financial support for continuing his ministry to Spain
Term
What is Paul's propositio or thesis?
Definition
1:16-17
"I am not ashamed of the gospel, because it is the power of God for the salvation of everyone who believes: first for the Jew, then for the Gentile. For in the gospel a righteousness from God is revealed, a righteousness that is by faith from first to last, just as it is written: 'the righteous will live by faith'"
Term
Three stages of salvation?
Definition
(1) i have been saved
(2) i am being saved
(3) i will be saved
Term
6 aspects of Righteousness
Definition
(1)righteousness is not an innate quality of a believer
(2) can refer to righteousness/justice of God hiimself
(3)effect of righteousness of God on human beigns [salvation]
(4) salvation comes about by believers' faith
(5)righteousness is used to talk about saving work of Christ
(6)righteousness = legal standing DOES NOT WORK!
Term
What is Witherington's understanding of 1:17 "from faith unto faith"?
Definition
from the faithful one unto those who have faith
-God's righteousness can only come from God/Christ, not man!
Term
General breakdown of Romans?
Definition
Romans 1-11
-what humans have done in their fallenness, and God's response of Christ
Romans 12-15
-What Christians in Rome ought to do as a response to the Good News
Term
Dikaiosyne
Definition
righteousness
Term
Which story is the subtext of Romans 5-7?
Definition
Adam (symbolic of humanity born into death)
Term
Fundamental failure of Luther and Augustine in regards to Rom 7?
Definition
not an attempt to describe the condition of the Christian, actually a description of those outside of Christ/sprititually "dead" (those who are in Adam)
Term
How is Gal 4 similar to Rom 9-11?
Definition
both are the refutatio (argument against opponent's case)
Term
Discuss Witherington's understanding of God as "an equal-opportunity savior"?
Definition
God has not given up on anyone and he will never permanently reject anyone, salvation is regardless of previous rejection from God
-Jew/Gentile/barbarian, male/female, slave/free
Term
when we sin we are punished by natural consequence. We choose a sinful chaos and God gives us up to that sin so that we are lost in it :(
Definition
Term
What does God's righteousness mean for those who have exchanged God's truth for a lie?
Definition
righteousness ->wrath (those outside of Christ)
righteousness ->salvation (those in Christ)
Term
Who is the founder of natural theology?
Definition
Plato
Term
ABC's of religion in 2:17-3:20 are?
Definition
10 Commandments + idolatry and immorality
Decalogue
Term
2 types of Gentiles that might be being critiqued in in Rom 2:1-16?
Definition
(1)those who were confident of self-mastery
(2)God-fearers who had absorbed Jewish critique of Gentiles/beliefs about idolatry/immorality before becoming Christians
Term
T or F: Paul is addressing Gentiles in 2:1-16?
Definition
True!
(1)critiquing them for doing similar types of pagan activities, bringing it into their Christianity
(2)those who sin apart from law (therefore Gentiles)
Term
What are people condemned for in 1:18-32?
Definition
They have ignored and suppressed the knowledge of God,which is all around them in creation
Term
Does God actively will for people to sin?
Definition
No, he allows it to happen by "giving people up" to the lusts of their hearts
Term
If Paul does not speak of inclinations, attitudes or genetics in relation to homosexuality, what does he speak of?
Definition
He speaks of actions (homosexual actions are unnatural and wrong)
Term
prosopopoeia?
Definition
impersonation, speech in character
Term
What 2 rhetorical techniques are found in Romans 2?
Definition
(1)diatribe via dialogue
(2)impersonation
Term
How is Paul using diatribe?
Definition
In an teaching/guiding manner, not to emotionally attack opponents
Term
Paul's careful and competent use of rhetoric does what for him?
Definition
proves his authority and ethos
Term
How does Paul use the term "sin"?
Definition
As an all-encompassing power over fallen people; sin is personified here
Term
What does OT teach about deliberate sin? What does Paul teach?
Definition
-no atonement
-atonement
Term
What is Paul doing with the first 2 arguments of Romans?
Definition
Leveling Jews and Gentiles
(then will unify and unite in Christ)
Term
What version of the OT does Paul use?
Definition
LXX, Septuagint
Term
Primary advantage to being a Jew?
Definition
entrusted with word of God
Term
Why are Jews not morally superior?
Definition
(1)more entrusted to them so more responsibility
(2)all guilty of sin
Term
The righteousness of God refers to what, usually?
Definition
the character of God
Term
What about the reference to "lost glory"?
Definition
humans have lost glory of God b/c they sinned; great intro to Paul's discussion of Adam's mortality
Term
What does it mean for a person to be set right?
Definition
(1)no longer condemned
(2)new creature with a circumcised heart
(3)new identity as child of God
Term
Does the gospel involve judgment?
Definition
Yes, judgment of Jesus instead of believers; example of God's righteous wrath
Term
How can God be righteous and still deal with sinners?
Definition
Only through Christ's blood and our faith in him can God remain righeous and be gracious/forgiving to us!
Term
Has this gospel nullified the law?
Definition
By no means! God still demands acts of righteousness from his people, necessary response of gratitute
Term
3 major metaphors in 3:21-31?
Definition
legal: being set right - through Cross
slavery: redemption - freed from bondage to sin
sacrificial: atonement - set in right relationship with God and man
**righteousness of God**
Term
What does it mean to be made righteous?
Definition
acquitted from the law and from death
>>NOT made virtuous
Term
According to Quintillian, what is strongest kind of proof?
Definition
historical example
Term
What did Abraham believe?
What does faith mean?
Definition
-He believed God's promise (not a believer in "the faith"/not a Christian before Christ came)
-trusting God at his word
Term
What is gezerah shewah?
Definition
Practice that calls for setting two passages with a common important term side by side and letting one aid in the interpretation of the other
Term
Why did Abraham get circumcised?
Definition
acts as a seal of the covenant, shows that individual belongs to the LORD
Term
What is Paul's view of the Law in Rom 4:15?
Definition
Sin can only be a transgression when it transgresses a known law. Because of the law there is greater accountability therefore greater wrath
Term
What 2 stories of Abraham does Paul focus on? Why does he not use the sacrifice of Isaac?
Definition
Paul focuses on Abraham's faith and trust (not Abe's faithfulness)
-trust that he will be father of many nations
-trust that he and Sarah will conceive
Term
Rom 5: peace, reconciliaton and the Roman emperor?
Definition
propaganda of peace spread (Pax Romana) = fake peace!
Term
If Paul is not speaking about peace as inner tranquility, what kind of peace is he talking about?
Definition
cessation of hostilities between God and man b/c of sin
>restoration of a relationship
Term
Paul is comparing Christ to Nero and saying that Nero and his minions have absolutely no power comparatively... hallelujah!!
Definition
Term
Language of grace in Romans 5?
Definition
we are living in grace, its a sphere that we enter and live in through the power/grace of God the Father
>we can stand in the presence of the holy!! wow
Term
What are two things that Paul boasts about in 5:2?
Definition
(1)eschatological hope
(2)present sufferings
Term
To what does the phrase "love of God" refer?
Definition
God's love for us
(only appears 3x in Pauline letters)
Term
When God's love is poured into our hearts, what OT text is being fulfilled?
Definition
Jeremiah 31:31-34
Term
Crescendo of terms used to describe those for whom Christ died?
Definition
powerless, sinners, enemies, ungodly
Term
kal wayomer?
Definition
type of argument that traces from lesser to greater, proof more than embellishment
Term
What tense does Paul refer to salvation in?
Definition
future
Term
Who does Paul never blame for original sin?
Definition
Eve
Term
Why is the Moses story a "glorious anachronism"?
Definition
only had a purpose before Christ's coming, was temporary guidance until the "new age" dawned
Term
Which three stories are generative narratives for Chrsitians?
Definition
Adam, Abraham and Christ narratives
(Moses is not!)
Term
Paul may have believed that fallen nature was passed genetically from Adam
Definition
Term
What does Witherington mean when he argues that Christ's "act of justice" wiped the slate clean?
Definition
-he does not mean that all people were put in right standing with God
-he means that we are all now FREE to enter a relationship with God that will provide right standing
(before Christ impossible to have a right relationship with God)
Term
What does it mean that "death reigns in sin"?
Definition
death is a direct result of sin
Term
Was Law added so that sin would increase?
Definition
By no means! Added with RESULT that sin increased
Term
Why was Paul grateful that he did not baptize more ppl?
Definition
Did not see the baptism ritual as what makes people children of God, just outward sign of spiritual transaction with God
(they were seeing it as proof that they were children of God instead of the symbol of that transaction
Term
If those within Christ are freed from sin, what of those outside Christ?
Definition
they are bound to/bound in sin
Term
Romans 6: what 3 things are abolished here?
Definition
(1)old self
(2)body of death
(3)slavery to sin
Term
What is the weak chink in the Christian's armor?
Definition
physical body
Term
Why does Romans 7 contrast with Romans 8?
Definition
7: non-Christian experience in Adam
8: Christian experience by Christ and the Spirit
Term
If freedom is not just freedom from sin for Paul, what is it?
Definition
freedom for specific lifestyles/tasks that each has been called to by God, freedom to serve God
Term
2 very real problems that Paul takes on in Rom 9-11?
Definition
(1)ethnic prejudice
(2)supersessionist thinking
Term
What does Paul think about sanctification?
Definition
-condition that leads to eternal life
-holiness of heart and life
-believer must constantly and continually submit to being a living sacrifice
Term
holiness is obligatory not optional
Definition
Term
historical person impersonated in Rom 7:7-13?
who is impersonated in 7:14-25?
Definition
-Adam
-those in Adam
Term
How does Paul understand the original sin of coveting the fruit of the prohibited tree?
Definition
violation of the tenth commandment of 10 Commandments
Term
how is the exceeding sinfulness of sin revealed?
Definition
it will use even a good thing, the Law, to accomplish an evil end - death
Term
Romans 7:7-13 defends what?
Definition
the Law
Term
I do not understand what I do. For what I want to do I do not do, but what I hate I do.
Who is this true of?
Definition
man/woman who was dead in sin and outside of Christ (those who are in Adam)
Term
According to Witherington, what is the tension in the Christian life between?
Definition
-inner person who is being renewed and the outer person/body which is not
-flesh/sinful inclination and HS
Term
In what chapter of Romans does the word "Spirit" occur, and how many times does it show up?
Definition
-Romans 8
-20 times
Term
What is one of the major problems with the Law?
Definition
it cannot transform a fallen human being or empower him/her to transform life
Term
What is the "newness of life" that Paul refers to in 8:11?
Definition
newness of life will happen when the mortal body is resurrected in the future (NOT:a spiritual transformation)
Term
When does the Holy Spirit (HS) come to the believer?
Definition
at conversion, then never leaves
Term
What OT text is the background for Romans 8:16?
Definition
maybe: Deut 19:5
Term
What does adoption mean in Roman context?
Definition
adoption meant a brighter future/adoption with God means eternal life
...
both positives!
Term
3 types of renovation that resurrection entails?
Definition
(1)internal renovation
(2)external renovation
(3)eternal renovation
Term
Paul and "first fruits"?
Definition
1 Cor 15: resurrection of Jesus = foretaste of resurrection of all believers
Romans 8: HS
Term
Paul and Romans 8:28 "all things work together for the good of those who love God..."
Definition
*Things work together for good, but not necessarily in this life*
Term
Define "foreknow" and "predestine"?
Definition
foreknow-God know ahead of time that he will bring his creation to redemption
predestined-God sets our destiny ahead of time
*those who love God are known by God ahead of time!*
Term
What is the final act in the process of conforming believers to Christ?
Definition
resurrection of the body
Term
What did God do for humankind (Rom 8)?
Definition
destined us, called us, set us right, glorified us
*all we can do is love him!*
Term
God will destine all of humanity for a relationship with him/eternal life who will learn to love him back!
*there is hope!*
Definition
Term
concise summary of Romans 1:16b-8:30?
Definition
If God is for us, who can be against us?
Term
How does being a member of the elect affect personal freedom?
Definition
elect=people group
personal freedom/choice is never damaged, the individual is free to abandon God and choose death
Term
What is the one thing that can separate a believer from the love of God?
Definition
If that believer chooses to abandon God, God can do nothing about it
-our selfish/sinful selves are the only thing that can separate us from God's love
Term
2 important questions for Romans 9-11?
Definition
(1)Will God keep his covenant with Israel or will he abandon them
(2)What is the status of Gentiles in people of God in relationship to Jews
Term
T or F: Romans 9-11 is an afterthought?
Definition
FALSE!
Climax of the theological portion
Term
Which section of Romans is most scripture-saturated?
Definition
Romans 9-11: 28 citations, 31% of citations throughout undisputed Pauline letters
Term
2 things that Scriptural references prove in Rom 9-11?
Definition
(1)God is faithful to his Word
(2)God has purposes and takes into account
(a)Israel's faith and unfaithfulness
(b)promises made to Israel
(c)Israel's apostasy
Term
Paul's views on predestination, election, the remnant etc falls into what theological way of thinking?
Definition
early Judaism
Term
Which group from early Judaism held the middle ground in discussions of determinism or predestination?
Definition
Pharisees
Term
What 3 notions in Rom 9-11 must Paul rebut?
Definition
(1)God has forsaken his first chosen people
(2)Word of God failed
(3)Israel has stumbled and is permanently lost
Term
Romans 9:2 echoes whose OT plea?
Definition
Moses (Numbers and Exodus)
Term
Romans 9:5b is one of the most debated verses in all of Pauline lit, why?
Definition
Paul calls Christ God
(therefore Christ=God)
Term
What does hardening refer to?
Definition
temporary/in time
NOT ETERNAL DAMNATION!
Term
Theme of Rom 9-11?
Definition
Mercy: occurs 7x
Term
What is another debated passage in Pauline lit?
Definition
Romans 10:4
Term
Paul's problem with the Law is its anachronism
Definition
Term
Romans 11:16 What does the root refer to?
Definition
patriarchs, but could also be Jewish-Christians
Term
2 ways Paul puts Gentile Christians in their place?
Definition
(1)Jews are given precedence over Gentile Christians as the people of God b/c part of natural olive tree
(2)Gentiles=wild olive branches, their addition does nothinng for Jews, grafting is by grace
Term
In Romans 11 what is the most controversial vers?
Definition
11:25-26
who does "all Israel" refer to?
(nation of Israel w/some exceptions)
Term
Paul has ____ percent of quotes from Isaiah here?
Definition
40%
Term
Purpose of Romans 12-15?
Definition
furthers aim of church unity by discussing harmony
(1)within church
(2)btwn church and state
(3)other areas
Term
Where does Paul's call for obedience come from in Rom 12-15?
Definition
Jesus tradition and teaching
Term
If all theology is grace then all ethics are ___________?
Definition
gratitude
(all ethics are gratitude)
Term
3 things one must have/do to determine what is indeed good and pleasing and perfect in God's sight?
Definition
(1)renewed mind
(2)gain moral vision
(3)become competent in moral discernment
Term
regarding spiritual gifts, what stops believers from inflated thinking?
Definition
realizing that gifts are from God, not ours
Term
12:13 and "needy among the saints": saints are probably who?
Definition
Jewish Christians in Rome who are a minority
Term
Famous Sermon that Paul knows well?
Definition
Sermon on the Mount
Term
Romans 12:21
Paul speaks of overcoming evil with good, who is this characteristic of?
Definition
God and his way of dealing with enemies
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