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| Religious festival; originally held in honor of Jupiter; eventually came to honor Julius Caesar. Introduced drama to Rome |
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- “leaping preists” of Mars; 12 patrician boys, carried the
Ancilia, one of which was said to have fallen from the heavens during Numa’s reign
Feriae Latinae - |
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| priestesses of Vesta. Served for a period of 30 years; most kept serving after |
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| priest whose role it was to interpret the will of the gods through movements of birds |
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| refers to the pontifex maximus, the vestal virgins, the Rex Sacrorum, and the flamines |
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| festival of the seven hills; sacrifice 7 animals at 7 times at 7 places near each hill |
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| the cave at the base of the palatine hill where the wolf fed Romulus and Remus |
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| patron deity of Rome. King of the gods. |
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| If a wife spends 3 consecutive nights away from her husband, father retains guardianship |
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| the citizen’s protection from magistrate’s powers of coercion while in the city. |
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494, law after first secession of the plebeians that either affirmed the sacrosanctity of
the tribunes or established the plebeians as a sworn confederacy against patricians |
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| legendary Roman general; received his name for his heroics during the Roman siege of the Volscian city Corioli. Argued against democratic inclinations of Plebeians. Was tried for misappropriation of funds during the war and banished. Sought retribution by leading Volscii against Rome. Stopped only after his wife and children came out of the city and begged him to stop. Was later assassinated by the Volscii |
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| debt bondage contract in early empire, with self as collateral; abolished in 326 |
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| highest elected official of the republic. 2 held office for a year at a time. Led armies |
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| Single person given absolute rule during times of emergency for a specific time. After the end of the period, handed power back over to consuls. |
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| elected official in the cursus honorum. Supervised financial affairs. |
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official elected by the plebeians. Created in 494 after first secession
of the plebs Sacrosanct; able to protect any plebeian bodily harm. Ability to veto acts of senate they saw as unfair to plebs. |
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| Military tribunes w/ consular power |
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| traditionally a man of senatorial rank. Appointed tasks by legate. Usually followed by quaestorship |
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| created in 367 to take some of the duties of consuls. A military commander and also responsible for varied duties in Rome. Part of the cursus honorum |
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| official of the republic responsible for maintenance and regulation of public festivals. 2 pairs: 1 for plebians and 1 curule. Traditionally a position held between quaestorship and praetorship for those wishing to follow the cursus honorum |
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| an aedile with imperium. Escorted by 2 lictors. |
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| in charge of the census and general public morality. Created by Servius Tullius, opened to plebeians in 351. |
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| - bird signs taken by augurs as signs directly from the gods. |
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| natural and adopted members of the elite families of Rome. |
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| a political identity. Members of non-elite families that believe in and fight for democracy and equality between classes |
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| 445, allows patricians and plebeians to intermarry |
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| 287, made all laws passed by plebeians binding on all citizens |
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| 300, opened priesthoods to plebeians |
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| Signed in 226 between Rome and Carthage, designating the Ebro river as the border between the two powers’ land. Rome began to associate with Saguntum, south of the river, and Hannibal, looking for a reason to enter war, besieged this city, breaking the treaty. |
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| a battle fought in Thessaly in 197 between the armies of Titus Quinctius Flaminius and Philip V. A decisive win for the Romans, ending the Second Macedonian War and proving the inferiority of the Macedonian phalanx. |
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| a confederation of city-states in Greece. First Greek ally of Rome. Helped in the Battle of Cynoscephalae. |
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| public land. Usually acquired from conquered enemies of the republic. Property rights disputed between plebeians and patricians. Legislation in 367 limited holdings to 500 iugera, although this was largely ignored. Gaius and Tiberius Gracchus both died in their attempts to make this recognized. |
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| Lucius Quinctius Flaminius |
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| roman consul/general instrumental in conquering of Greece. Made a consul during Second Macedonian War; started to negotiate peace with Philip at the end of his term, but was prorogued and finished the job. |
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| L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus |
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| consul in 190; son of P. Cornelius Scipio. Defeated Antiochus III with his brother as a legate, and was given the title for his conquest of West Asia Minor |
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| tribune and rival of Tiberius Gracchus. Gracchus ultimately convinced the Plebeian Assembly to depose him, leading to an escalation in the conflict. |
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| consul in 133, when Tiberius Gracchus was attempting to run for a second consecutive tribuneship. Said he would allow it, since it seemed to be the will of the people. |
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| Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica |
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| consul in 191. Distinguished jurist. |
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| tribune in 123-122. Introduced reforms to the judicial system, as well larger allotments so free labourers could be employed. Proposed Roman citizenship to all Italian allies. Killed by senate in 121 |
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| cônsul in 121. Ordered the execution of 3,000 supporters of Gaius Gracchus. Headed the commission in 116 that divided Numidia between Jugurtha and Adherbal. |
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| set up as tribune by the senate to undermine Gaius Gracchus. Proposed legislation that drew enough support away from Gaius to veto his bills, although that is all it was ever meant to do, as none of it was ever enacted. Later became a consul. |
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| father of Pompey the Great. First of the gens Pompeia to reach senatorial status; became consul in 89. |
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| Member of the first triumvirate. Suppressed the slave revolt led by Spartacus; considered the wealthiest man in Roman history, and perhaps one of the richest in all history. |
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| elected alongside Julius Caesar in 59 as cônsul. Tried to intervene in Caesar’s introduction of a bill that would give land in Campania to Pompey’s soldiers; retired from Forum after crowd broke his fasces. Spent the rest of the year locked in his house, claiming to be watching for omens, technically invalidating all legislation passed during this time. |
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| loyal supporter of Julius Caesar. After his death became part of the Second Triumvirate. After the breakup of the triumvirate in 33, waged a civil war against Octavian (The Final War of the Roman Republic). After he was defeated at the Battle of Actium, committed suicide with his lover Cleopatra. |
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| king of Pontus and Armenia Minor in Anatolia from 120 to 63. Recognized as one of Rome’s most formidable and successful enemies. |
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| prohibits senators from engaging in overseas trading |
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| Lex calpurnia de rebus repetundis |
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| 149, established extortion courts for provincial governors |
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| Lex acilia de rebus repetundis |
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| 123, put equestrians in courts prosecuting senators. |
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| Senatus Consultum Ultimum |
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| effectively replaced the dictatorship by removing magistrates’ powers to preserve the state. First used in 121 during the fall of Gaius Gracchus, later used in 77 during Lepidus’ march on Rome, the Conspiracy of Catiline in 63, and when Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49. |
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| offered citizenship to any italian who had not fought against rome. |
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| second-highest class of Roman city, inferior to a colony. Was given self governance in addition to the “Latin-rights” of citizenship. Resulted from the incorporation of a conquered town into the Roman state. |
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| 89, offered citizenship to Roman allies |
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| conducted every 5 years; provided register of citizens and their property, from which a list of their rights and privileges could be drawn. |
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| high priest of Jupiter. Selected by the Pontifex Maximus in the event of a vacancy and have the rights to wear the Apex, have a lictor, wear the toga praetexta, and have a seat in senate. |
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66, gave Pompey supreme command in the war against Mithridates. Took
command from Lucullus. |
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| 59, gave Julius Caesar governorship of Cisalpine Gaul and of Illyricum for 5 years |
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| Lex Villia annalis of 180 |
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| established minimum ages for the cursus honorum offices; determined an interval of two years between offices |
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| a decisive battle in the civil war between Caesar and Pompey. A decisive victory for Caesar. After the battle Pompey fled with a small retinue and was assassinated on the order of Ptolemy XIII。 |
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chiefly remembered for his feud with Cicero and Milo, whose supporters
murdered him in the street. Snuck into the observation of the rights of Bona Dea being held at Caesar’s home。 |
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| the lower of the two aristocratic classes of ancient Rome, ranking below the patricians |
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| aristocratic leaders who relied on the people's assemblies and tribunate to acquire political power. |
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| the traditionalist majority；wished to limit the power of the popular assemblies and the Tribunes of the Plebs, and to extend the power of the Senate。 |
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the democratic assembly of Roman soldiers；could declare war or elect the
highest-ranking Roman agistrates；served as the highest court of appeal in certain judicial cases |
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| the extension of a commander's imperium beyond the one-year term of his Magistracy |
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| at least one consul had to be a plebeian; limited land ownership to 500 iugere; limited amount of sheep and cattle that could be kept in one field |
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| one censor had to be a plebeian |
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