Term
| nominal scale variables do what? |
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Definition
| show the differences in kind rather than the differences in degree. |
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Term
| do nominal order variables have logical order or arrangement? |
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Definition
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Term
| how are nominal variable different than all other kinds of variables? |
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Definition
| they show categorical differences and have no logical order or arrangement. |
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Term
| what is the best way to understand nominal-scale variation? |
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Definition
| to examine a frequency distribution |
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Term
| true or false: Ordinal scale variables reflect qualitative but ordered variation |
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Definition
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Term
| a Likert-type attitude scale is an example of an: |
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Definition
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Term
percentile-based statistics such as the median and the interquartile
range are considerd: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| True / False the nominal level of centeral tendency (mode) cannot be used with ordinal variables |
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Definition
| false they can be used with ordinal variables |
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Term
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Definition
Primarily interested in variables that are
measured on a continuous scale and that
also have a true zero value (ratio variables). |
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Term
| in which type of variable is mean and median used but not the mode? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the appropriate measures of dispersion for quantitative variables? |
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Definition
standard deviation, median absolute
deviation, and coefficient of variation. |
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Term
| The list of cases from which we select the sample is called the |
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Definition
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Term
each unit in the sampling frame has a
known, non-zero probability of being selected for the sample is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the variations of simple random sampling? |
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Definition
Variations: systematic sampling, with/without-
replacement sampling. |
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Term
| complex random sampling is another type of |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 kinds of complex random sampling |
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Definition
Stratified random sampling.
Cluster samples.
Two- or multi-stage samples |
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Term
| complex random sampling are usually used for sampling what kind of populations? (size) |
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Definition
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Term
| Many samples used in criminology and criminal justice research are: |
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Definition
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Term
| what is purposive sampling AKA? |
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Definition
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Term
| when cases enrolled in the study are not truly representative of the population one wants to study. |
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Definition
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Term
in longitudinal studies where some
cases stay in the study and some drop out over time |
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Definition
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Term
when our unit of analysis is an aggregate
(like a county), it does not follow that specific individuals
behave in ways that are consistent with what happens in the
aggregate. |
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Definition
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Term
when our unit of analysis is an
individual, it does not follow that our conclusions would
generalize to aggregate levels (like neighborhoods, cities,
counties, or states). |
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Definition
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Term
| causal valiadity occurs when there is no _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| what do true experiments have? |
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Definition
| treatment to one of two randomly assigned groups and a post test to assess if the treatment had any affect. |
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Term
| study that looked at the strength of the police force using washington DC as a guinea pig with the terror alert status? what did their results show. |
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Definition
| Klick and Tabarrok, showed a drop in the crime rate when the police strength went up, mostly in the area of the National Mall, the area of the most police strength. |
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Term
| Klick and Tabarrok study was experimental or non-experimental? |
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Definition
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Term
| who did the study that lowered the security of prisners because of the cost and then assesed the recidivism rates? was it random? |
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Definition
Gaes and Camp (2009); Prison
Conditions and Recidivism
yes it was random |
|
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Term
| what did the study by Gaes and Camp show? |
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Definition
| lowering security lowers 7 yr recidivism rates by 11% |
|
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Term
| examples of Regression Discontinuity Design |
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Definition
| Prison sentences, sentencing guidelines, and recidivism |
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Term
| which researchers looked at the Federal inmate classification system and looked at differences between minimum and medium/maximum security levels. |
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Definition
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Term
which researchers had the question: "Key Question: does this difference reflect the causal effect of
residential placement vs. community placement?" and had Utah data of: 13,197 juvenile offenders born between 1970 and 1974.
who were adjudicated delinquent in a Utah juvenile court prior to
age 16 for criminal acts (no status offenses). |
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Definition
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Term
| what was finding of Manski and Nangin's 1998 study |
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Definition
77% of the residential placemt group
failed while only 59% of the community placement group failed. |
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Term
| what are 4 examples of quasi-experiments? |
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Definition
Naturally occurring experiments (i.e.,
Washington DC Terror Alert Level Study)., Regression discontinuity designs (i.e., harsh
prison conditions and recidivism).,Matching, and Correlational studies |
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Term
| which of the quasi-experiment is the weakest? |
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Definition
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Term
individual characteristics
having nothing to do with culpability or blameworthiness
play an important role in determining who is “labeled” and
who is not. |
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Definition
| status characteristics hypotheis |
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Term
individuals who are
officially labeled as offenders will commit new crimes at
higher rates than they would have without the label. |
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Definition
| Deviance Amplification Hypothesis: |
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Term
| Farrington's 1977 article tested the -__________. |
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Definition
| Deviance Amplification Hypothesis |
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Term
| who did a matching design of 20 teenagers in Flint Michigan? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an assumption about the matching design? |
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Definition
| that the people matched together are comparable. |
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Term
Farrington characterizes Gold's 1970 finding as supportive of the deviance
amplification hypothesis. True/False? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Key limitations of Gold’s study were: |
|
Definition
small sample size, problem with all
measures being collected at the same time, and strong assumptions
about comparability of groups without any good way to test those
assumptions. |
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Term
| who did the study of Labeling theory on boys btwn 14 and 18. what was the findings? |
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Definition
Farrington,These 98 “publicly labeled” boys had significantly higher self-
reported delinquency scores at age 18 (Average = 69.9) in
comparison to the 285 “non-labeled” boys (Average = 43.2). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
those who are labeled
more than once will do worse than those who
are labeled just one time. |
|
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Term
| what were the conclusions of the repeated labeling study? |
|
Definition
Individuals who have been repeatedly sanctioned do worse than individuals who
have been sanctioned only once. |
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Term
|
Definition
Juvenile court judge uses discretion to
decide whether to waive case to adult court. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
abolishes juvenile court jurisdiction
over offenders brought to court by prosecutors under
the law. |
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Term
| an example of a legislative wavier |
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Definition
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|
Term
| possible threats to the JO law |
|
Definition
History: possibility that other events occurred
at about the same as the intervention and the
other events actually caused a change.
Instrumentation: possibility that the
relationship between arrests and crimes
changed when the law was introduced. |
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Term
|
Definition
The researchers conclude that the JO Law had no significant effect on juvenile arrests
for serious crimes. |
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Term
|
Definition
delinquency levels declined after the program
but they might have declined anyway - simply because the
participants were getting older |
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Term
| biggest threat with the study is _______- |
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Definition
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|
Term
when a participant's scores might have returned to a more normal level
without intervention. |
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Definition
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Term
| Basic problem of nonequivalent control groups |
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Definition
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Term
| Best way to address the issue of selection bias is through use of _________. |
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Definition
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