Manufactured by beta cells of pancreas, controls storage and use of amino acids and fatty acids. Lowers blood glucose levels by inhibiting liver glucose production.

MA: helps glucose molecules enter the cells of muscle and adipose tissue; stimulates glycogen synthesis by liver; promotes protein synthesis; helps body store fat by preventing its breakdown for energy

Use: controlling type 1 diabetes melitus

Adverse Rx: hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia

CI: hypoglycemia, hypersensitivity

MA:Lowers blood glucose by stimulating the beta cells of pancreas to release insulin

Use: adjunct to diet to lower blood glucose in type 2 diabetes; adjunct to insulin theray in certain patients with type 1 diabetes

Adverse Rx: anorexia, nausea, vomitting, epigastric discomfort, heartburn, hypoglycemia

CI: hypersensitivity, diabetic ketoacidosis, severe infection, severe endocrine disease

MA: lowers blood glucose by stimulating beta cells of pancreas to release insulin

Use: adjunct to diet in type 2 diabetes

Adverse Rx: Anorexia, nausea, vomitting, epigastric discomfort, heartburn, hypoglycemia

CI: hypersensitivity, diabetic ketoacidosis, severe infection, severe endocrin disease, coronary artery disease, liver or renal dysfunction

MA: lowers blood glucose by stimulating beta cell sin pancreas to release insulin

Use: type 2 diabetes, adjunct to insulin therapy in stabilization of certain cases of insulin-dependent diabetes (type 1)

Adverse Rx: Anorexia, nausea, vomitting, epigastric discomfort, heartburn, diarrhea, hypoglycemia, allergic skin reaction

CI: hypersensitivity, diabetic ketoacidosis, severe infection, severe endocrine disease

MA: lowers blood glucose by stimulating beta cells of pancrease to release insulin

Use: Type 2 diabetes, adjunct to insulin therapy in stabilization of certain cases of insulin-dependent diabetes (type 1)

Adverse Rx: Anorexia, nausea, vomitting, epigastric discomfort, heartburn, hypoglycemia

CI: hypersensitivity, diabetic ketoacidosis, severe infection, severe endocrine disease

MA: lowers blood sugar by delaying digestion and absorption of carbs

Use: Type 2 diabetes, combination therapy with sulfonylurea to enhance glycemic control

Adverse Rx: flatulence, diarrhea, abdominal pain

CI: hypersensitivity, diabetic ketoacidosis, cirrhosis, IBS, colonic ulceration, partial intestinal obstruction, chronic intestinal disease

MA: Sensitizes liver to circulating insulin levels and reduces hepatic glucose production

Use: Type 2 diabetes, with sulfonylurea or insulin to improve glycemic control

Adverse Rx: anorexia, nausea, vomitting, epigastric pain, heartburn, diarrheam hypoglycemia, allergic skin reaction

CI: heart failure, renal diseasem hypersensitivity to metformin, acute or chronic metabolic acidosis

MA: decrease hepatic glucogenesis and increase insulin-dependent muscle glucose uptake

Use: Type 2 diabetes, in combination with metformin to improve glycemic control

Adverse Rx: Headache, pain, diarrhea, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, fatigue, infections

CI: hypersensitivity, heart failure, pregnancy

MA: glucose elevation

Use: hypoglycemia caused by hyperinsulinism

Adverse Rx: sodium and fluid retention, hyperglycemia, glycosuria, tachycardia, congestive heart failure

CI:

MA: glucose elevation

Use: hypoglycemia

Adverse Rx: nausea, vomitting, generalized allergic reactions

MA: synthetic human growth hormone

Use: growth failure caused by deficiency of pituitary growth hormone in children

Adverse Rx: failure to respond to therapy due to development of antibodies, hypothyroidism, insulin resistance, swelling of joints, joint and/or muscle pain

CI: hypersensitivity, epiphyseal closure or underlying cranial lesions

MA: regulate reabsorption of water by kidneys

Use: diabetes insipidus, prevention and Tx of postoperative abdominal distention, to dispel gas interfering with abdominal x-ray examination

Adverse Rx: tremor, sweating, vertigo, nausea, comitting, abdominal cramps, hypersensitivity, headache

CI: chronic renal failure, increased blood urea nitrogen, allergy to beef or pork proteins

MA: stimulates adrenal cortex to produce and secrete adrenocortical hormones

Use: diagnostic testing of adrenocortical function, nonsuppurative thyroiditis, hypercalcemia associated with cancer, acute exacerbations of MC

Adverse Rx: Table 23-2

CI: adrenocortical insufficiency or hyperfunction, allergy to pork, systemic fungal infections, ocular herpes simplex, scleroderma, osteoporosis, hypertension