Term
| Durkheim's definition of "religion" |
|
Definition
1. community or Church 2. unified system of beliefs and rites 3. division of the sacred and profane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hagar + Abraham = Ishmael (Arabs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sarah + Abraham = Isaac (Jews) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
German philosopher montotheism -> branch to all religions viewpoint accepted by most Muslims |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ca. 600 C.E. Allah creates -> god/goddeses have functions no concept of afterlife and prophethood Tribes -> Clans (led by Shaykh) caravans raided one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pre-Islamic Arabia Muslim perspective: era of barbarism & ignorance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"us"-ness tribal protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
leader of tribe (among equals) usually, older men |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cubical structure in Mecca site of pilgrimmage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
main tribe of Mecca Muhammad belongs to Banu Hashim clan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
biography of Muhammad (narrative) not accepted by all |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
570 CE,year of the elephant last prophet of Islam revelation in Cave of Hira |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protects Muhammad fathers Alli does not convert |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first wife of Muhammad has monogamous marriage with Muhammad |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ta'if stoning Abu Talib dies (lose protection) Khadija dies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oppose many gods in Mecca has Muhammad as member |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
word of God 1. Tawhid - affirming one-ness of God 2. Prophethood - prophets with Muhammad as final 3. Afterlife - consequences for actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sunni: best friend of Muhammad 2nd Caliphate: faced lots of internal strife |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first Imam fourth Caliphate Muhammad's cousin marries to Fatima (Muhammad's daughter) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
female first martyr of Islam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
former slave black Muslim who gives adhan on Ka'ba |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Muslims travel to Abyssinia first Hijra Christian King grants amnesty Meccans try to stop King (fail) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
second Caliph tough vs. Bakr (soft) conquers lots of the empire Abyssinian Empire + some of Byzantine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
father of flames or fire other uncle, does not give protection (shock) condemned in Qu'ran why Muhammad seeks protection in Mecca not clear if that is his real name |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Muhammad travels to Jerusalem encounters God Muslim sources: pray five times daily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
yathrib becomes Medina beginning of Muslim calendar Muhammad goes on Hijra Muslims in Abyssinia stay there |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
community of all religions established in Medina Muslim community (today) Arabic for community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Medinans support one another Transcend religion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one Muhammad's wives daughter of Abu Bakr battle against Ali "Battle of Camel" Hadith scholar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
direction you face used to face jersalem 18 months after 2nd Hijra: face Medina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Win against Mecca Had farmboys on their side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
initially, Medinans were winning told people on Mt. Uhud to stay people abandoned position to collect spoils people were sandwiched, then slaughtered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Medinans build ditch around city stave off against siege |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
leader of hypocrites plan coup involved in "affair of the lie": Aisha cheating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. No fighting for 10 years 2. Muslim pilgrimage the following year 3. Free agency (new alliances) 4. Treaty of Return Treaty of Return -Muslims can leave Mecca -Muslims can't leave Medina -refers only to men (trick) -authority of Muhammad challenged -Muhammad washes head and people follow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs 9AH people all over Arabia occurs after conquest of Mecca second phase conversion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
11 year after Hijra valley of Uranah last sermon before death
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
event where Muhammad supports Ali "loyal to Ali is loyal to me" Shiite: clearest signs that Ali should be Caliph
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
poetic, brief, little legal briefs
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prosaic, long, lots legal injunctions
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
repetitive and non-linear bits and pieces of stories idea that things are lost in translation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
declaration of faith usually stated during prayers I bear witness that there is no god except for God (Allah), and Muhammad is the messenger of God.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
belief in God, search for truth
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unbelief, active resistance, cover up
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
jews and christians recieve divine revelations misguided through alterations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exegesis, commentary on Qu'ran
|
|
|
Term
| Occassions of Revelations |
|
Definition
social context during Muhammad's revelations
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
places religious integrity on Imam Imam from Muhammad's household |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
religious integrityon community (or community of scholars) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
false prophet toward end of Muhammad's life confronted by Abu Bakr |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Muslims in Medina don't want to pay Zakah war fought during Abu Bakr's Caliphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alms tax toward poor, Muslims expected to pay
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
defense tax for Muslim protection overall, generally lower than Zakah |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Meccan aristocracy standardized a copy of Qu'ran last six years: shower Meccan aristocracy w/ gifts assassination by a convert chaos occurs in Medina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
legitimate political rule preserve religious system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Shiite: religious leader -> infallible legitimate rule may/may not have authoritarian power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aisha fights Ali (Battle of Camel) -Alli should go after assassins of Uthman -Alli defeats Aisha, spares Aisha Mu'awiya fights Ali (Battle of Siffin) -wants to avenge relative and be Caliph -puts Qu'ran on swords to signal defeat -have peace talks, war ended -as result, Kharijites assassinate Ali |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fifth Caliph Mu'awiya takes over from Ali moves capital to Damascus, Syria appoints son Yazid as new Caliph begins Umayyad Dynasty Characteristics -arab aristocracy, orign. Quraysh -conquers huge tract -Mawali: took "Arab-ness" seriously -differs from region to region (5th righteous? Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz) Pact of Umar -made w/ Christians in Byzantine -dress certain way, no Church bells -written after Umar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
son of Ali and Fatima run for Caliphate peace agreement to not have Caliphate second Imam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
al-Hasan's brother runs for Caliphate starts 2nd Fitna at Karbala -not get support, Umayyad victory
-slaughtered by Umayyads -Ashura: day of mourning for Shiites -Note: Sunnis fast too in memorance of Passover |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Umayyad's seen as anti-Shiite and anti-nonArab -Abbasid's employ opponents of Umayyads -takeover all Umayyad's empire, except Spain -Umayyad prince escapes to Spain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- person w/ brute power (authority and legal) - need Caliph or Imam for legitimacy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Muslim Spain + Portugal 1492: Reconquista, Christian Spain drive out Muslims |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Islamic law
ideal: law as God would want |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Muslim jurisprudence human attempt for Sharia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
School of Fiqh -> regional schools |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
how Muhammad understands Shari'a Hadith - acts, disapprovals, and tacit approvals (al-Shafi'i)
Amal - customary practices in Medina (Malik) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chain of narration for Hadiths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
actual narration in Hadiths
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
congruent and diffuse Isnad Qu'ran is considered most Mutawatir |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
has most popular/reliable coll. of Hadiths for most Muslims
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
founded a school of thought goes w/ Hadiths for Sunni Bukhari writes a century after Al-Shafi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
founded a school of thought goes w/ Amals for focus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unanimous concensus tool of Islamic law agree to disagree: results in respect for all |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
follow precedence of past
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exert effort to get new rulings have no precedence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non-binding, legitimizing legal opinion
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protection of faith life posterity reason property |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
follow reason inspired by greek thought |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
God is uncaused causer God causes everything hesitant to have God existing in space/time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first school of Islamic theology rationalist five principles - justice - monotheism - station btwn. two stations - divine threat and promise - command good/ forbid evil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
established by Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun "was Qur'an created or uncreated" if said "uncreated" -> person would be punished |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
not Greek inspired reason believed Qur'an word by word no metaphors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
use Greek inspired thought to arrive at Traditionalist philosophy differ on anthromorphism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
differ by sources al-Ghazali: sincere go to heaven Ibn al-Arabi: hell eternal, people may still go to heaven after realize sin (still vieled from God)
Traditionalist: hell as purgatory Modernist: salvation for sincere & hell as purgatory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Islamic philosophy not bound by Qur'an God has willed universe;will is sempiternal spread by al-Farabi and Ibn Sina al-Farabi: world is sempiternal Ibn Sina: no accidents, Qu'ran is one part of path |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Incoherence of the Philosphers 1. world is not sempiternal 2. God knows particulars 3. bodily resurrection (Traditionalist view) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Incoherence of the Incoherence Qur'an encourage philosophy of common person deny causality -> deny knowledge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stood up against the Mihna inquisition
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5ers Imam, not divinely appointed Imam, best leader of Muhammad household active pursuit of justice, oppose pacifist Yemen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
7ers century of Shiite rule Fatima Caliphate Maghreb, Jerusalem, Medina, Mecca 3 Caliphs (Egypt, Spain, Imam) Imam is divine emanation from God (Aga Khan) Infallibale Imam Aga Khan (prominent Ismaili) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Druze believe al-Hakim is prophet al-Hakim is said to have been crazy based in Lebanon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
leader of most Ismailis 49th Imam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hasan al-Askari (11) persecuted by Abbasids Muhammad al-Muhammud (12) is hidden four messengers speak about him (260-329) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
four prophets die await for coming of 12th Imam still in hiding 329 AH to present revelation is called Mahdi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
practices sufism practice of self-purification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Persian orijin authority of jurists (religious scholars) represents in absence of Imam collective represents hidden Imam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ascetics: live a simple life devoted to God not complete separation from material life must help fellow man station btwn two stations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
God is light of lights uncaused causer idea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sufi mysticism encorporates Qur'an into poems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one-ness of existence become one with God |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
argue against points: 1. pantheism - many gods
2. esoterocism - inaccessible knowledge
3. antinomianism - disregard of rules necessary for salvation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sufi Order Shaykh gets power from Silsila |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chain that gives legitimacy power comes from Wali (saint) traces back to Muhammad |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
I am "the truth" executed for political reasons executions is very Christ like |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
truth and reality more than Shariya |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ramadan: 9th month, when Qu'ran was revealed Eid al-Fitr: follow Ramadan, break fasting Eid al-Adha: slaughter goat, Abraham's slaughter Friday: mini holiday |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
between days 9 and 12 of Islamic month Dhul-Hijja last month of year able-bodied Muslims |
|
|
