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1. Faith - declaration of faith that all that believe pronounce, saying that Islam is the only true religion.
2. Prayer - prayers that are performed five times a day, and are a direct link between the worshipper and God
3. Zakah or "voluntary charity" - an unspecified amount that a Muslim will give back to the truth.
4. Fasting - Every year in the month of Ramada-n, all Muslims fast from dawn until sundown--abstaining from food, drink, and sexual relations with their spouses.
5. Pilgrimage - The pilgrimage to Makkah (the hajj) is an obligation only for those who are physically and financially able to do so. |
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13th century.
Italian Catholic priest in the Dominican Order, a philosopher and theologian.
Aquinas is held in the Catholic Church to be the model teacher for those studying for the priesthood. |
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City of ancient Mesopotamia
Sprung up by the beginning of the third millennium.
It was the "holy city" of Babylonia by approximately 2300 BC, and the seat of the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 612 BC. |
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Benedict of Nursia (c. 480 - c. 547)
Benedict of Nursia was the founder of the Benedictine Order and thereby of western monasticism. Authored the Rule of St. Benedict.
The Rule of St Benedict (fl. 6th century) is a book of precepts written for monks living in community under the authority of an abbot. Since about the 7th century it has been adopted by communities of women. During the 1500 years of its existence, it has become the leading guide in Western Christianity for monastic living in community, in Orthodoxy, Catholicism and (since the time of the Reformation) in the Anglican and Protestant traditions. |
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1347 - 1380
Tertiary of the Dominican Order, and a Scholastic philosopher and theologian.
She also worked to bring the Papacy back to Rome from its displacement in France, and to establish peace among the Italian city-states. |
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Santiago de Compostela, is located in the north west region of Spain.
Santiago is supposedly the final resting place of Jesus's Apostle James, the brother of John. His remains are said to be kept under the altar in the crypt of the cathedral.
Since the 11th Century, Santiago has been the ideal ending spot for a Pilgrimage. People would walk for months to finally arrive at the great church in the main square to pay homage, and many a pilgrim has laid their hands on the pillar just inside the doorway to rest their weary bones. So many, in fact, that a groove has been worn in the stone. |
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14th and 15th century
The Conciliar movement or "Conciliarism" was a reform movement in the Roman Catholic Church which held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with the Roman Church as corporation of Christians, embodied by a general church council, not with the pope.
The movement emerged in response to the Avignon papacy— the popes were removed from Rome and subjected to pressures from the kings of France— and the ensuing schism that inspired the summoning of the Council of Pisa (1409), the Council of Constance (1414-1417) and the Council of Basel (1431-1449). |
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14th century
19th Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church.
Considered one of the Church's most important councils.
It clearly specified current Catholic doctrines on:
salvation, the sacraments, and the Biblical canon, answering all Protestant disputes. The council standardized the Mass throughout the (Latin) church, largely by abolishing local variations. |
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A series of military conflicts of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal threats.
Crusades were fought against Muslims, pagan Slavs, Russian and Greek Orthodox Christians, Mongols, Cathars, Hussites, and political enemies of the popes.
Crusaders took vows and were granted an indulgence for past sins.
The Crusades originally had the goal of recapturing Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule. |
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A 16th century Spanish Dominican priest, and the first resident Bishop of Chiapas.
As a settler in the New World, he was galvanized by witnessing the torture and genocide of the Native Americans by the Spanish colonists. |
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11th - 13th century
In the scholastic system of education of the Middle Ages, disputations (in Latin: disputationes, singular: disputatio) offered a formalized method of debate designed to uncover and establish "truths" in theology and in other sciences.
Fixed rules governed the process: they demanded dependence on traditional written authorities and the thorough understanding of each argument on each side.
A significant category of disputations took place between Christian and Jewish theologians in order to convince Jews to convert. Christians believed that only the refusal of the Jews to accept Christ stood in the way of the Second Coming. |
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Refers to initiatives aimed at greater religious unity or cooperation.
In its broadest sense, this unity or cooperation may refer to a worldwide religious unity; by the advocation of a greater sense of shared spirituality across the three Abrahamic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
Most commonly, however, ecumenism is used in a more narrow meaning; referring to a greater cooperation among different religious denominations of a single one of these faiths. |
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| 18th century movement in Western philosophy. |
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The Fourth Council of the Lateran was summoned by Pope Innocent III with his papal bull of April 19, 1213. The assembly took place in November, 1215.
It was the 12th ecumenical council and is sometimes called "the General Council of Lateran" due to its large size of attendees.
From the commencement of his reign Pope Innocent III had planned to assemble an ecumenical council because of the limited results of the Third Crusade and the bitter results of the Fourth Crusade, which had led to the capture of Constantinople and large parts of the Byzantine Empire.
Innocent III wanted to reformulate papal involvement in the Crusades as outlined in his decree “To Free the Holy Land”, but only towards the end of his pontificate could he realize this project.
As regards the Canons presented to the Council: |
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11th century
was a Roman Catholic friar and the founder of the Order of Friars Minor, more commonly known as the Franciscans.
He is known as the patron saint of animals, birds, the environment, and Italy, and it is customary for Catholic churches to hold ceremonies honoring animals around his feast day of October 4. |
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20th century
Peruvian theologian and Dominican priest regarded as the founder of Liberation Theology.
The founder of liberation theology.
Gutiérrez's groundbreaking work, A Theology of Liberation: History, Politics, Salvation (1971), explains his notion of Christian poverty as an act of loving solidarity with the poor as well as a liberatory protest against poverty.
First, it involves political and social liberation, the elimination of the immediate causes of poverty and injustice.
Second, liberation involves the emancipation of the poor, the marginalised, the downtrodden and the oppressed from all “those things that limit their capacity to develop themselves freely and in dignity”
Third, Liberation Theology involves liberation from selfishness and sin, a re-establishment of a relationship with God and with other people. |
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20th century
Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. The heir to a dynasty that traced its origins to the 13th century, and from there by tradition back to King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, Haile Selassie is a prominent figure in Ethiopian and African history.
To the Rastafari movement, which has a million adherents worldwide, he is considered to be the religious symbol of God incarnate, called Jah or Jah Rastafari.
He is also seen as part of the Holy Trinity as the messiah promised in the Bible to return. |
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16th century
a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and was a central developer of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism or Reformed theology.
In Geneva, his ministry both attracted other Protestant refugees and over time made that city a major force in the spread of Reformed theology. He is renowned for his teachings and writings, in particular for his Institutes of the Christian Religion. |
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| 12th - 13th century (c. November 8, 1342 – c. 1416) |
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