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Definition
| The sudden discovery of a correct solution following a period of incorrect attempts based primarily on trial and error. |
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Definition
| Refers to the unconscious work done by problem solvers who have left off conscious solving of the problem. |
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Definition
| Recognize the problem, preliminary attempts to solve it. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Identify differences that exist between the current state and the goal state and select operations that will reduce these differences. |
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Definition
| A strategy that is often helpful but does not guarantee success. |
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Definition
| A set of rules that will always solve a problem if correctly followed. |
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Definition
| Problem states intermediate between the final and goal state. |
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Definition
| Solving a problem by using a solution to a related problem. |
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Definition
| The tendency to perceive an object in terms of only its most common use. |
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Definition
| A reasoning task that requires deciding which of four cards should be turned over to evaluate a conditional rule. |
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Term
| Memory Retrieval Explanation |
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Definition
| People solve logical reasoning problems about familiar situations by retrieving specific examples from memory. |
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Definition
| Reasoning about situations that are permissible or impermissible. |
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| Pragmatic Reasoning Schematas |
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Definition
| Organized knowledge structures used to evaluate practical situations such as seeking permission or fulfulling an obligation. |
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Definition
| Group problems based on surface characteristics. |
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| Group problems based on deep characteristics. |
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Definition
| Creating a novel and useful product or solution. |
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Definition
| Specify what a person SHOULD do. |
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Definition
| Seek to describe how people actually arrive at solutions. |
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Definition
| Decision making models that allow attractive attributes to compensate for unattractive ones. |
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Definition
| Decision making models that reject alternatives that have negative attributes. |
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Definition
| Combines attractive and unattractive attributes to arrive at a total score for each alternative. |
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| Additive-Difference Model |
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Definition
| Model compares two alternatives by totaling the differences between their values on each attribute. |
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| Elimination by Aspects Model |
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Definition
| Elimination based on sequential evaluation of the attributes of alternatives. |
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Definition
| Requires that all attributes of an alternative satisfy minimum criteria before that alternative can be selected. |
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Definition
| Proposes that we evaluate the probability of an event by judging the ease with which relevant examples come to mind. |
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Definition
| People answer questions by evaluating the degree to which A is representative of B. |
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Definition
| How a question is phrased or how our options are described. |
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Definition
| The tendency to avoid possible loss. |
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Definition
| Responsible for organizing the context in which people make decisions. |
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Definition
| Structure choices so that our natural cognitive shortcomings don't make us err. |
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Definition
| When you consider many options and only accept the best option. |
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Definition
| When you settle or something that is good enough and not worry about the possibly that there might be something better. |
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Definition
| Computer program that plays chess. |
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Definition
| A DMTS procedure in which subjects are given one of two cues to either remember or forget the prior sample stimulus. |
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Definition
| No physical match between sample and choices. |
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Term
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Definition
The
person
or
animal
is
shown
a
sample
object
, the
sample
object
is
removed,
and
then
the
person
or
animal
must
choose
an
object
identical
to
the
sample
from
among
two
or
three
choice
objects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reward closer and closer versions of the desired response during shaping. |
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Definition
| Based on the kinds of psychological skills and knowledge needed to solve different problems: Three types, Arrangement, Inducing structure, Transformation |
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Term
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Definition
| Present some objects and require the problem solver to arrange them in some way that satisfies the criterion. Anagrams. |
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| Skills needed for arrangement problems |
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Definition
- Fluency in generating possibilities
- Retrieval of solution patterns
- Knowledge of principles that constrain search |
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Definition
| End product of problem solving. |
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Term
| Inducing Structure Problems |
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Definition
| The relation between objects is fixed and the problem is to discover it. Series completion, analogy, Raven's Progressive Matrices Test. |
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Term
| Inducing Structure Processes |
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Definition
- Identify relations among components
- Fit relations together in a pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| Consist of an initial state, a goal state, and a sequence of operations for changing the initial state into the goal state. Tower of Hanoi, Missionary and Cannibals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Our tendency to perceive events and objects in a way that our experiences have led us to expect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Continuity in thinking, problem solving not accomplished with insight. |
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Term
| Only 20-25% solved problem, "insight" didn't help. |
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Definition
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Term
| Position yields better performance |
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Definition
| Positive Affect Versus Control |
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Term
| Improve performance because you can avoid searching unpromising paths |
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Definition
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Term
| Much more successful when given analogy AND told it will help. |
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Definition
| Radiation and Fortress results |
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Term
| Permissions: 60% correct, arbitrary: 20% correct |
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Definition
| Selection problem based on abstract description of permissions |
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Term
| Cognitive Theory of Creativity |
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Definition
| Creativity is simply good problem-solving |
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Term
| Left side damaged did better than right |
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Definition
| Creativity with brain damage results |
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Term
| Decision makes vary strategy based on task |
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Definition
| Payne Decision Strategies Study |
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Term
| Abstract: 55%, concrete: 50%. Not as expected. |
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Definition
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Term
- Results not as expected
- 2^(n - 1) = minimum moves
- 2 differences between real study:
1. Continuous feedback
2. Hands on model manipulation |
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Definition
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Term
Insight: 50%
Instant: 30%
Incremental: 20% |
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Definition
| Incubation and Insight Demo |
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Term
| 0% picked correct sequence, not as expected, 60% thought words started with K. |
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Definition
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Term
Trial 1: 97%/3%
Trial 2: 91%/9%
Trial 3: 34%/66% |
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Definition
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Term
Task 1 average: 93%
Sound to picture task 76%
Task 2: 4/6 correct
As expected |
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Definition
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