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RIT 0514-443
Exam 2
113
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
04/19/2012

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Cards

Term
Rehearsal
Definition
Repetition of information aloud or silently.
Term
Coding
Definition
Semantic elaboration of material. Placing information in context.
Term
Imaging
Definition
Create a visual image to remember verbal information.
Term
Serial Position Effect
Definition
Memorization graph. Recall best at beginning and end of sequence.
Term
Primacy Effect
Definition
Effect of rehearsing early words more often.
Term
Recency Effect
Definition
Words at the end of a sequence are still in STM.
Term
Tip of the Tongue
Definition
A retrieval state in which a person feels he knows the information but cannot immediately retrieve it.
Term
Overwriting
Definition
Making the original encoding of a memory disappear by means of biasing.
Term
Record-Keeping Theory
Definition
Theory that memory is a system for storing records of past events. Recollection is searching through and reading records. Forgetting due to interference.
Term
Constructionist Theory
Definition
Memory reflects changes to the cognitive system used to interpret events. Recollection is reconstruction of the past. Forgetting caused by continuous changes each experience makes on the cognitive system.
Term
Mandler's Two Process Theory of Recognition Memory
Definition
Theory with two components of recognition: Familiarity and context/related information recall.
Term
Memory Code
Definition
Representation used to store an item in memory.
Term
Levels of Processing Theory
Definition
The greater the semantic analysis, the greater the depth of processing and more durable the memory.
Term
Decay Rates
Definition
Memory codes have different _____ _____.
Term
Distinctive Item
Definition
An item that is different in appearance or meaning from other objects.
Term
Primary Distinctiveness
Definition
An item is distinct from other items in immediate context.
Term
Secondary Distinctiveness
Definition
An item distinct from other items in stored LTM.
Term
Orthographic Distinctiveness
Definition
Lowercase words that have distinctive shape.
Term
Emotional Distinctiveness
Definition
Items that produce an emotional response.
Term
Flashbulb Memory
Definition
A memory of an important event that caused an emotional reaction. Very confident, but decreasingly accurate over time.
Term
Encoding Specificity Principle
Definition
The specific encoding operations performed on the stimulus determine what is stored, and what is stored determines what retrieval cues are effective in providing access to what is stored.
Term
Imagery Potential
Definition
How easy it is to form an image for a word.
Term
Association Value
Definition
Give as many associations for a word as possible.
Term
Mnemonic Technique
Definition
A strategy to improve memory.
Term
Propositional Theory
Definition
Images are descriptions of scenes.
Term
Theory of Visual Images
Definition
Images are spatial representations analogous to the experience of seeing the object during visual perception.
Term
Acronym
Definition
A word formed from the initial letters or groups of letters of words in a set phrase or series of words.
Term
Acrostic
Definition
An invented sequence where the first letter of each word (or the last letter) is a cue to an idea you need to remember.
Term
Method of Loci
Definition
Memory palace!
Term
Keyword Method
Definition
Mnemonic strategy using keywords to improve paired associates learning.
Term
Image-Name Technique
Definition
To remember a name, invent a relationship between the name and physical characteristics of a person.
Term
Categories
Definition
Consist of objects or events we group together because we feel they are related.
Term
Artificial Categories
Definition
Categories that can be distinguished on the basis of a simple rule.
Term
Natural Categories
Definition
Many cannot be distinguished on the basis of a single rule.
Term
Fuzzy Borders
Definition
No rigid rule that clearly separates members of a category from nonmembers.
Term
Exemplar Model
Definition
People remember examples from the category and compare novel patterns to the examples.
Term
Feature Model
Definition
People classify novel patterns by determining the number of matching features.
Term
Prototype Model
Definition
Creating a prototype that is a representative of a category.
Term
Theory Based Model
Definition
Categorize based on knowledge, experience, and top down processing.
Term
Nearest Neighbor Rule
Definition
Exemplar Model rule for placing an item in a category.
Term
Feature Frequency Rule
Definition
Feature Model Rule
Term
Prototype Rule
Definition
Prototype Model Rule
Term
Nodes
Definition
Concepts
Term
Links
Definition
Relationships between concepts.
Term
Part and Type
Definition
Hierarchical Relationships
Term
Characteristics and Leads To
Definition
Nonhierchical Relationships
Term
Cognitive Economy
Definition
Different features stored at each level only once.
Term
Typicality Effect
Definition
More typical members come to mind faster than less typical members.
Term
Semantic Priming
Definition
Lexical items are made accessible by calling up semantically related items.
Term
Repetition Priming
Definition
Recent presentation of an item speeds subsequent access.
Term
Language
Definition
A collection of symbols and rules for combining these symbols, which can be used to create an infinite variety of messages.
Term
Symoblic
Definition
The use of symbols to represent ideas.
Term
Generative
Definition
A limited number of words can be combined in an infinite number of ways.
Term
Structured
Definition
Organization of a language, it's grammatical rules.
Term
- Traditional transmission
- Displacement
- Productivity
Definition
Hockett's Design Features of Language
Term
Morpheme
Definition
Smallest unit of meaning in a language.
Term
Phoneme
Definition
Basic sounds of a language.
Term
Finite State Grammar
Definition
Left to write grammar parsing rules, word pairs govern correctness.
Term
Phrase Structure Grammar
Definition
Top down grammar, map sentence into a speech parse tree. Shows ambiguity and abstractness. Does not convey linguistic knowledge.
Term
Surface Structure
Definition
Superficial appearance.
Term
Deep structure
Definition
Sentence's meaning.
Term
Transformation Grammar
Definition
Chomsky, no single theory accounts for all ambiguities. Requires semantic knowledge.
Term
High constraint sentence
Definition
A sentence that produces a high expectation for a particular word.
Term
Sentence Superiority Effect
Definition
Accuracy in recognizing a word is higher when the word is in the context of a sentence than when it is heard alone.
Term
Atkinson and Shiffrin Theory of Memory
Definition
Theory that we have multiple sensory registers, control processes, STM, and LTM.
Term
Judgments of Learning
Definition
Immediate Judgment (STM) vs Delayed Judgment (LTM)?
Term
Items easy for immediate recall hard to recall during delayed recall.
Definition
Benjamin And Bjork Serial Position Effect Results
Term
Imagery much better than rehearsal. Delayed judgment is best!
Definition
Dunlonsky & Nelson paired associate task results
Term
More violent terms = Higher speed estimate
Definition
Loftus & Palmer Overwriting Car Crash Results
Term
Could be familiar if criminal or saw in innocent mug shot.
Definition
Eyewitness Identification Information
Term
Physical features.
Definition
Processing Level 1
Term
Patterns & accoustics
Definition
Processing Level 2
Term
Semantic and elaboration
Definition
Processing Level 3
Term
Rate Pleasantness = Explicit memorization
Definition
Hyde and Jenkins results
Term
Standard recog => Deep processing wins
Rhyming recog => Shallow processing wins
Definition
Morris sentence results
Term
HH, HL, LH, LL
Definition
Paivio word High/Low pairs results
Term
Distance apart
Definition
Kossyln scanning two objects depends on?
Term
Visual imagery uses same part of brain as vision
Definition
Cognitive Neuroscience visual info
Term
0% could reinterpret their image, 100% could reinterpret the actual picture
Definition
Chambers duck image results
Term
Verbal code means we don't need a detailed image.
Definition
Why do we lose details in images?
Term
Suppression group could reinterpret the image better.
Definition
Brandimonte suppression reinterpretation results
Term
Concept Identification Task
Definition
Cards with things, categorize them.
Term
Disjunctive Rule
Definition
Consumers establish a minimally acceptable cutoff point for each relevant product attribute. Any brand meeting or surpassing the cutoff point for any one attribute is considered an acceptable choice.
Term
Conjunctive Rule
Definition
Consumer is assumed to set up minimum cutoffs for each of several attributes or dimensions of a product or thing. If the brand or item does not meet all of the minimum criteria, it is rejected.
Term
Rule Learning
Definition
The process of discovering a logical rule from known relevant attributes.
Term
Logical Rule
Definition
Based on logical relationships
Term
Attribute Learning
Definition
The process of discovering relevant attributes based on a known logical rule.
Term
Complexity reduction, identification of objects, reduction of constant learning.
Definition
Reasons to categorize
Term
Family resemblance
Definition
Features that co-occur.
Term
Hierarchical Organization
Definition
Tree structure for categories
Term
Superordinate Category
Definition
Least specific category.
Term
Basic category
Definition
Middle amount of category specificity.
Term
Subordinate category
Definition
Most specific category.
Term
Basic Level
Definition
Special level category.
Term
Typicality
Definition
How well members of a category represent that category.
Term
Sharing attributes
Definition
Property of typical category members.
Term
Most people use the prototype rule.
Definition
Reed's Classification results
Term
Beginner => Prototype
Experienced => Exemplar
Definition
Who uses what categorization rules
Term
People assumed pizza was very small. Using background knowledge.
Definition
Rips pizza results
Term
Takes longer to move each level up
Definition
Collins and Qullian level results
Term
Does not account for typicality effect, and is not always consistent.
Definition
Hierarchical Network Model: Limitations
Term
Little evidence for feature access, computation not always necessary.
Definition
Feature Comparison Model Limitations
Term
Feature Comparison Model
Definition
Meaning of words => List of features
Compare features until satisfied
Term
ACT Model
Definition
Network model, but new nodes can be activated.
Term
Fan Effect
Definition
An increase in links from a node.
Term
Bartlett's Method
Definition
Method that people use schemas to reconstruct events.
Term
47% got the word correct. Need top down processing.
Definition
Pollack and Pickett conversation snippets
Term
1% higher when primed. Significant.
Class results: 1 for every trial.
Not as expected.
Definition
Tip of the Tongue Demo
Term
Umbrella: 5
Demo: 3
Went as model data, expected, equal accuracy.
Definition
Flashbulb Memory Demo
Term
2.6, 4.5, 4.7. Both expected & unexpected
Definition
Mnemonic Technique Demo
Term
95% apple
70% car
Worst: Nut, Sled
Expected
Definition
Prototypes Demo
Term
Pizza: Cheese, pepperoni (Chicago)
Cat: Bird, dog (Scratch post/litter box)
Fire: Flames, matches (restaurant operations)
Definition
Spreading Activation Model Demo
Term
Butter, locker, card: 8/10
Definition
High Constraint Sentence Demo
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