Term
| What are the 3 risk factors? |
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Definition
•Genetic Inheritance
•Environmental Exposures
•Behavioral Factors and Habits |
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Term
| How does genetic inheritance play a risk factor |
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Definition
Heredity plays a part in susceptibility to some mental disorders, infectious diseases and common chronic diseases
Disease usually results from an interaction between genetic endowment and the individual’s total environment |
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Term
| What are 3 environmental risk factors? |
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Definition
| Physical, Socioeconomical, and Family Relationships |
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Term
| How does physical environment play a risk factor? |
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Definition
| contamination of air, water and food; workplace hazards; radiation exposure; excessive noise; dangerous consumer products; unsafe highway design |
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Term
How does socioeconomic environment play a risk factor?
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Definition
| income level, housing, and employment status |
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Term
How does family relationships play a risk factor?
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Definition
| drastic alterations can create emotional stress; loving family support can contribute to mental and physical well-being |
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Term
How does behavioral factors and habits play a risk factor?
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Definition
| most important health problems are related to excesses smoking, drinking, faulty nutrition, overuse of medications, fast driving, and stress |
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Term
| 6 out of the 10 leading causes of death in the United States could be substantially reduced doing what? |
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Definition
| by improving five habits – diet, smoking, lack of exercise, alcohol abuse and use of antihypertensive medications |
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Term
| What does exposure to risk factor mean? |
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Definition
It means that a person has, before becoming ill, come in contact with or has manifested the risk factor in question
Can happen at a single point in time or over a period of time |
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Term
| What are ways of characterizing dose of chronis exposure? |
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Definition
1.Ever exposed
2.Current dose
3.Largest dose taken
4.Total cumulative dose
5.Years of exposure
6.Years since first exposure |
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Term
| What are the situations in which Personal Experience is Insufficient to Establish a Relationship Between Exposure and Disease |
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Definition
1.Long latency period between exposure and disease
2.Frequent exposure to risk factors
3.Low incidence of disease
4.Small risk from exposure
5.Common disease
6.Multiple causes and effects |
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Term
| Describe small risk from exposure? |
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Definition
If a factor confers only a small risk, a large number of “cases” are required in order to observe a difference in disease rates between exposed and unexposed people.
This is true even if both the risk factor and the disease occur relatively frequently |
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Term
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Definition
If the disease occurs frequently in society and some of the risk factors for it are already identified, it becomes difficult to distinguish a new risk factor
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Term
| What are the uses of risk? |
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Definition
1.Prediction
2.Cause
3.Diagnosis
4.Prevention |
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Term
How is risk used to predict disease?
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Definition
similarity of the people on whom the estimate is based to the people for whom the prediction is made
Although risk factors may signify an individual’s increased risk of disease, relative to an unexposed person, their presence does not mean that an individual is very likely to get the disease
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Term
How is risk used to find the cause of disease?
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Definition
Any excess incidence of disease in exposed vs nonexposed persons is often assumed to be due to the exposure to a risk factor
A risk factor may mark a disease outcome indirectly due to an association with some other determinant(s) of disease, even though it may not be the causal factor
A risk factor that is not a cause of a disease, sometimes referred to as a marker, does not diminish its value as a way of predicting the probability of disease, but it does imply that removing it may not remove the excess risk associated with it |
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Term
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Definition
| A risk factor that is not a cause of a disease |
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Term
How is risk used to find the diagnosis of disease?
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Definition
The presence of a risk factor can increase the probability that a disease is present, or do little for any one patient at any one point in time (unless other aspects of the clinical situation are also present) or the absence of a risk factor to rule out disease, particularly when one risk factor is strong and predominant is helpful
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Term
How is risk used to prevent the course of disease?
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Definition
| If a risk factor is also a cause of disease, its removal can be used to prevent disease regardless of whether the mechanism by which the disease takes place is known |
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Term
| What is the best available information for predicting disease in an individual? |
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Definition
| iPast experience with a large number of similar people |
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Term
| How are probabilities used? |
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Definition
They guide clinical decision making and even if a prediction does not come true in an individual patient, it will usually be borne out in many such cases
Note: There is basic incompatibility between the incidence of a disease in groups of people and chances that an individual will contract that disease |
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Term
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Definition
basic expression of risk; the number of new cases of disease arising in a defined population during a given period of time |
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Term
| What is attributable risk? |
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Definition
additional incidence of disease related to exposure, taking into account the background incidence of disease, presumably from other causes
incidence of disease in exposed persons (IE) minus the incidence in nonexposed persons (INE).
AR = IE - INE
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Term
| What does attributable risk imply? |
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Definition
| risk factor is a cause and not an association or marker after comparing rates |
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Term
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Definition
ratio of incidence in exposed persons to the incidence in nonexposed persons.
RR = IE / INE
It tells us nothing about the magnitude of absolute risk (incidence) but it does tell us about the strength of the association between exposure and disease and is a useful measure of effect for studies of disease etiology
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Term
| Formula for Relative Risk |
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Definition
| Relative Risk = (a / a + b) ÷ (c / c + d) |
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Term
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Definition
Odds Ratio = (a / c) ÷ (b / d)
or = (a / b) ÷ ( c / d)
or = ad / bc |
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Term
| What is Population Attributable Risk? |
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Definition
measure of the excess incidence of disease in a community that is associated with the occurrence of a risk factor
product of the attributable risk(AR) and the prevalence of the risk factor in a population (P)
ARP = AR x P
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Term
| What is Population Attributable Fraction? |
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Definition
describes the fraction of disease occurrence in a population that is associated with a particular risk factor
obtained by dividing the population attributable risk (ARP) by the total incidence of disease in a population |
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Term
| What is smoking risk factor for? |
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Definition
MI, CAD and CVD.
Cigarette smokers have nearly twice the heart disease death rate of non-smokers.
Risk is proportional to the amount of smoke inhaled and the number of cigarettes smoked |
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Term
| How much likely one experience a heart attack than non-smokers if they smoke more than a pack a day? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the risk of getting MI and death from CHF change after 1 year of quitting? |
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Definition
| The risk of MI and death from CHD is reduced by one half and after 15 yrs it approaches that of nonsmokers |
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Term
How does the risk of getting stroke change after 2 years of quitting?
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Definition
| the risk of stroke starts to decrease and within 5-15 yrs it returns to (or near to) that of persons who never smoked |
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Term
| What is hypertension risk factors for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the BP values for normal BP? |
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Definition
Systole: <120
Diastole: <80 |
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Term
What are the BP values for prehypertension BP?
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Definition
Systole: 120-139
Diastole: 80-89 |
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Term
What are the BP values for Stage 1 Hypertension?
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Definition
Systole: 140-159
Diastole: 90-99 |
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Term
What are the BP values for Stage 2 Hypertension?
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Definition
Systole: >= 160
Diastole: >= 100 |
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Term
| How likely are men with BP >160/95 to get CHD compared to those with BP <140/90? |
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Definition
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Term
How likely are men with SBP >160 to get stroke compared to those with SBP <140?
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| DBP of 90 mm Hg or higher or a SBP of 140 mm Hg or higher |
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Term
| How often should BP be checked? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the treatments for hypertension? |
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Definition
•Non-pharmacologic
•Pharmacologic
•Coordinated with management of other risk factors |
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Term
| During middle age, for each 1% increase in total cholesterol, how much does the risk for CHD increase? |
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Definition
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Term
| How likely are people with cholesterol >265 to get heart attack compared to those with cholesterol <220? |
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Definition
| Heart attacks are 5 times as frequent in people with a total cholesterol >265 as among those with levels <220 |
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Term
| After 2 – 5 yrs of treatment, how much does each 1% reduction in serum cholesterol reduce the risk for CHD, with drug and diet intervention? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cholesterol values are normal? |
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Definition
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Term
What cholesterol values are borderline-high?
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Definition
Total: 200-239
LDL: 130-159 |
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Term
What cholesterol values are high?
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Definition
Total: >= 240
LDL: >= 160 |
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Term
| How often should adults above 20 years old should be screened for cholesterol? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is diabetes mellitus risk factor for? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much likely are diabetic men and women of getting cardiovascular disease? |
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Definition
Men: 2-3 times
Women: 3-4 times |
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Term
| What glucose values are normal? |
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Definition
Fasting: <100
2 hours oral glucose tolerance test: <140 |
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Term
What glucose values are impaired fasting glucose?
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Definition
Fasting: >= 100 and <126
2 hours oral glucose tolerance test: >=140 and <200
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Term
What glucose values are for diabetes mellitus?
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Definition
Fasting: >= 126
2 hours oral glucose tolerance test: >= 200
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Term
| Who should be screened for diabetes? |
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Definition
•Pregnant females
•History of gestational diabetes
•Family history of DM
•Obesity |
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Term
| Which of the following is a risk measurement of the excess incidence of disease in a community where the disease is associated with a risk factor? Such a measure would be helpful in prioritizing the deployment of health care resources in the community |
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Definition
| Population attributable risk |
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