Term
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Definition
| Digoxin inhibits sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphate, therefore increasing intracellular sodium and calcium. This causes a positive inotropic effect on the heart, increasing force and velocity of contraction. Digoxin also increases the sensitivity of baroreceptors, decreases the action of the sympathetic nervous systems, and decreases the RAAS system. |
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Term
| When to measure digoxin levels |
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Definition
PO- 6 hrs after
IV- 4 hrs after |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Hypertension target organ damage |
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Definition
| LVH, angina, MI, heart failure, stroke, CKD, PAD, and retinopathy |
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Term
| Lifestyle modifications to manage HTN |
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Definition
| Weight reduction, DASH diet, Sodium reduction, physical activity, moderation of EtOH |
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Term
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Definition
| Patients with cardiac disease but without limitations of physical activity. Ordinary physical activity does not cause undue fatigue, dyspnea, or palpitations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Patients with structural heart disease but no HF signs or symptoms. Ex: previous MI, LVH, LV systolic dysfuncton |
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Term
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Definition
Improve QOL
Reduce Sx
Prolong survival/slow disease progression
reduce hospitalizations |
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Term
| CHF physical exam findings |
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Definition
| pulmonary rales, pulmonary edema, S3 gallop, cool extremities, pleural effusion, cheyne-stokes respirations, tachycardia, narrow pulse pressure, cardiomegaly, peripheral edema, JVD, hepato jugular reflux, hepatomegaly |
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Term
ACE-Inhibitors
Contraindicatons, Cautions, and Adverse Effects |
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Definition
CI: HO angioedema and bilateral renal-artery stenosis
Caut: K>5, SCr>2.5, symptomatic HOTN, or systolic BP <90
AE: cough, angioedema, rise in Cr or BUN, Hyperkalemia, and symptomatic HOTN |
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Term
Beta-Blockers
CI, Cautions, and AE |
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Definition
CI: asthma and 2nd or 3rd-degree AV block
Caution: Recent decompensated HF, and a HR<55
AE: bradycardia and AV block, bronchospasm, worsening HF during initiation of tx or increase in dosage, and symptomatic HOTN |
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Term
Hydralazine/Isosorbide dinitrage
CI, Cautions, AE |
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Definition
CI: lupus
Caution: HOTN or systolic BP<90
AE: HA, symptomatic HOTN, arthralgia, and lupus-like syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits Na-K-Cl transporter in the thick ascending loop of henle where normally 25% of the filtered Na is reabsorbed. Not filtered throught the clomerulus since no highly protein bound. Reaches tubular lumen via active transport |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct acting vasodialator, acts mainly on arterial smooth muscle to decrease SVR, increase stroke foluve, and increase cardiab output. Antioxidant properties prevent nitrate tolerance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relaxaton of the vascular smooth muscle and dialaton of peripheral arteries/veins. Decreases veous return-decreased preload (LV end diastolic pressure) and arteriolar relaxation. Decrease in systemic vascular resistance equals a decrease in afterload. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
JNC7: <120/80
ACC: <130/80 |
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Term
| Goal Pre-prandial Blood sugar |
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Definition
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Term
| Goal Post-prandial glucose |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Carvediolol and Digoxin interaction |
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Definition
| cavedilol has the potential to increase digoxin plasma concentration by inhibition of P-glycoprotein, leading to increased absorption and decreased renal excretion |
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Term
| Why not use HCTZ in this patient |
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Definition
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Term
| Sitagliptin A1C decreasing ability |
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Definition
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Term
| Furosemide and Lisinopril interaction |
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Definition
| idiopathic reaction that decreases GFR and decreases sodium delivery at the loop of Henle |
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Term
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Definition
racemic mixture in which nonselective beta-adrenoreceptor blocking activity is present in the S(−) enantiomer and alpha-adrenergic blocking activity is present in both R(+) and S(−) enantiomers at equal potency. Carvedilol has no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity
Increases ejection fraction |
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Term
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Definition
| GLP-1 and GIP increase insulin synthesis and release from pancreatic beta cells by intracellular signaling pathways involving cyclic adenosine monophosphate. GLP-1 also lowers glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells, leading to reduced hepatic glucose production. By increasing and prolonging active incretin levels, sitagliptin increases insulin release and decreases glucagon levels in the circulation in a glucose-dependent manner. Sitagliptin demonstrates selectivity for DPP-4 |
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