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Five atomic rhythmic groups (iamb, trochee, anapest, dactyl, amphibrach)
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Yeston
(studied with Forte) |
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Speak about structural accent of beginning, structural accent of ending
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Wonder about possibility of hard-wired human perception
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Defines Phrase in the "theory" way
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Practical rhythmic analysis, underlying distortions are regularized at the next level (also Kramer)
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| Offers a "qualitative definition of meter" in which we only ask that at some high level we perceive the alternation of strong and weak beats. In particular, we do not demand that these be separated by regular time spans |
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| Investigates situation where we apparently get conflicting metrical patterns |
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| Typically, the accompaniment begins a clear hypermeasure, only to be followed one measure later by the melody which also begins a clear hypermeasure |
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| approaches form not only as a particular order of events but as a collection of behaviors |
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Phrases end with cadences:
Cadences are either half or authentic and the authentic cadence involves a root-position dominant moving to a root-position tonic |
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| Wanted theory that was compatable with Schenker |
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Qualitative NOT Quantitative indicators of U
Changing Meaning of U and - at different levels |
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| Distinguishing structural accent of beginning from structural accent of ending |
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| U now means "in transit" process rather than thing |
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| - means a stopping point within a larger / \ structure |
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| the frame: silence encloses the peice and sets it off from the world |
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| "uninterpreted rhythmic structure" |
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| applies pattern repetition criterion in order to determine meter |
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| Distinguish metrical structure from grouping structure |
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Four aspects of structure:
grouping structure, metrical structure, time-span reduction, prolongational reduction |
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distortions that create successive downbeats:
metrical deletion, overlap with metrical reinterpretation, split downbeat, phrase that end on a hypermetrical downbeat may be followed by a phrase that begins on the next measure (deleting 3 downbeats) |
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Other distortions:
prefix, elongated upbeat |
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| studies a song by laying out all the data you can and then doing your best to interpret it |
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