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| verbal repetition @ the beginning of a line (a...)(a....) [It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness....] |
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| reverse anaphora - repetition @ the end (...a)(...a) [When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child.] |
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| initial & final repetition combined (a...b)(a...b) [When there is talk of hatred, let us stand up and talk against it. When there is talk of violence, let us stand up and talk against it.] |
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| Frequent use of conjunctions ["he ran and jumped and laughed for joy"] |
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| relative absence of conjunctions ["I came, I saw, I conquered"] |
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| many words are better than one: "refuse disposal receptacle" for wastebasket |
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| extra, redundant words: "so he spoke with his mouth" |
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| "passed away" or "gone to sleep" for died |
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| part of the whole: "wheels" for car, "all hands on deck" |
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| One word to suggest another: "The Crimson" for the Harvard team, "the whole village rejoiced" |
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| Understatement, often taking the form "not un__" [she is not so unkind] |
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| Direct address, often with "O": "O Rome, we rejoice" |
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| inversion of [s-v-o] word order, usually for rhyme [Powerful you have become, the dark side I sense in you.] |
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| Breaking off: "if I were a sculptor -- but then again no" |
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| Apparent contradiction "screaming silence" |
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| Swithces meaning from one of 5 senses to another: "warm color" "loud perfume" (Donne) |
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| Omission of a word, often verbs of motion or being {"Fire when you are ready" --> "Fire when ready"] |
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| Ellipsis of a second verb so the first governs both: "waging war and peace" "stained her honor, and her new brocade" (Pope) |
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| Repetition of a word with varying grammatical inflections: "And singing still dost soar, and soaring ever singest." (Shelley) |
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| explicit comparison "like" or "as" |
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| implicit comparison "he is a tiger when...." |
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| Absence of relative and dependent clauses: ["I needed a drink, I needed a lot of life insurance, I needed a vacation, I needed a home in the country. What I had was a coat, a hat and a gun."] |
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| Frequent use of relative & dependent clauses (subordination), these 2 often linked with a/poly syndeton. ["As we ran, we sang and told jokes," as opposed to, "We ran, we sang, we told jokes." |
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| Pause w/in a line: medial early, & late |
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| Lines that end with "." or ";" |
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| Lines that run-on--not end-stopped |
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