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| understatement, for intensification, by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed |
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| implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words; the word is used no in its literal sense, but in one analogous to it |
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| substitution of one word for another which it suggests |
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| use of words to imitate natural sounds; accommodation of sound to sense |
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| apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another |
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| an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense, but that may yet have some truth in it |
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| use of similar sounding words; often etymological word-play |
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| attribution of personality to an impersonal thing |
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| a purposefully redundant description, where more words are employed than needed |
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| the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words, phrases, or clauses |
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| pretended omission for rhetorical effect |
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| anticipation: reference to something that has not yet happened |
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| when an absent or imaginary person is imagined as speaking (type of personification) |
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| a question use for its persuasive effect and for which no answer is expected or for which the answer is self-evident |
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| an explicit comparison between two things using 'like' or 'as' between one person or thing and another, the latter generally something more familiar to the reader and thus more easily visualized |
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| arrangement of related pairs of words in an alternating ABAB pattern |
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| omission of a short, unaccented vowel, reflecting contractions common in daily speech |
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| the use of a part for the whole, or the whole for the park (form of metonymy) |
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| separation of a compound word into its constituent parts |
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| application of an adjective to one noun when it properly applies to another, often involving personification |
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| three parallel elements of the same length occurring in a series |
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| two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them |
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| a prolonged metaphor, i.e., a type of imagery involving the extended use of a person or object to represent some concept outside the literal narrative of a text. |
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| repetition of the same sound beginning several words in a sequence |
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| the repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines |
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| the reversal of normal word order, as with a preposition following its object or a delayed conjunction, often with the effect of emphasizing the word(s) placed earlier |
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| opposition, or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction |
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| a dramatic interruption mid-sentence |
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| a sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific group or person or personified abstraction absent or present |
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| use of an older or obsolete form |
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| repetition of vowels or syllable sounds in successive words, for musical (and sometimes onomatopoetic effect) |
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| lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words |
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| two corresponding pairs arranged in inverted order (a-b-b-a) |
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| a disgression from the main narrative but generally connecting to it thematically and sometimes describing a painting or other pictorial representation |
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| omission of one or more words necessary to the sense of the sentence but easily understood from the context; often a form of the verb sum or a speech verb |
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| delay of the final words or phrase of a sentence(or clause)to the beginning of the following verse, to emphasize an idea or image or the create suspense |
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| substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant |
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| enclosure of a line or verse by placing two closely connected words, often a noun and modifying adjective, at the beginning and end |
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| a form of interlocked word order in which a verb is positioned in the middle of the verse, with adjectives preceding and nouns following in a symmetrical arrangement |
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| use of two nouns connected by a conjunction (or occasionally a preposition), often instead of one modified noun expressing a single complex idea |
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| seperation of words that logically belong together, such as noun-adjective pairs, often for emphasis or to create a word picture |
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| exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect |
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| description of events in an order reversing their logical sequence |
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| expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning; the words say one thing but mean another |
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