- flowing of meaning, value, and persuasion

-symbollic action

-when we speak we don't just communicate neutrally = at some level everything is persuasive

- Questioned life

- Human beings are a bundle of contradictions

- power of speech ->ability to persuade, realize potential, establish order, evil, destruction

- we are different from other species

-  Taking both sides of an issue

- Faculty of discovering in any given case the available means of persuasion

- More thinking less speaking

- Rhetoric is method of inquiry and thinking

- Rhetoric is how you make justice happen

- Rhetoric is way to come to understand (discovery)

Political Animals:

1 - just/unjust

2 - expedient/inexpiedent

3 - laws, legislative, political, efficient

4 - virtue/vice

Eloquence and Wisdom

- empty without either, they go together, power of language

- symbol using

- we create symbols and misuse them

- inventor of the negative

- tree example

- goaded hierachy

- separated by our natural condition bye istruments of own making

Symbolic Action

- Reveal ourselves to world through symbolic action

- spontaneity: unpredictable, irreversible, influnce perception

Open to persuasion

Look at all sides, then find conclusion

Learn my listening to others persuading, and by persuading others

La vita contemplativa y la vida activa = leisure time should involve reading, thinking, contemplating

- Question beliefs

narrow but deep

apprentice

journeyman

Broad and less deep

1- Sophists: wandering teachers from near Athens that challenged ideas od Freece

2- Plato: Education should not be sold

3- Aristotle: understood need both philosophy and rhetoric

Grammer: form, function

 Dialectic: logic

 Rhetoric: combine to perform, persuade, and entertain

-essential language

- adequate citizens

- civic leaders

- To fathers: choose a wife wisely

- Parents and nursemaids need to be good role models

- Teachers needs to recognize strengths and weaknesses and be able to motivate

Character models:

- grammer: good language use

- integrity: adhere to principle over time

- goodwill: interest of others

Good Citizen = good people skilled in speaking

1. active/engaged
2. responsible
3. educated
4. questioning

- only short and narrow view

- focusing to much on act of learning, forgetting about process

- just a good speaker that has eloquence produces no knowedge ->speech is empty

-students are distracted (entertainment)

-teachers have overemphasis on rules

1. Pole Parrot - Grammer, memorization & repetative
2. Pert - Dialectic, kids argue back, questioning
3. Poetic - Rhetoric, on own

-Go to college earlier, get out earlier

- wants medieval educationg

- popular for home schoolers and some private

- study of misunderstanding and its remedies

-critically analyze what saying, and find remedy to misunderstanding

*help us understand one another*

Nack of flattery

Art of Appearances

Understanding in soul and acting in a way that improves or betters the other

- can be explained

- can be taught

- is a practical art, not fine art

-practical arts useful in society for civic affairs

1. forensic
2. deliberative
3. epideictic

• legal discourse
• accusation and defense (action)
• justice and injustice (end)
• in present
• deals with past
• audience = judges
• legal or illegal issue

• policy makers
• persuasion and discussion (action)
• expiedence and inexpedience (end0
• audience: other policy makers and constitutes
• present
• looks forward to futrue

• happens in present
• cultural criticism
• praise and blame (action)
• virtues and vice (ends)
• audience: citizens
• occasion
• ceremony

1. to perusade or move - to change or reinforce existing values, attitudes, beliefs, or actions
2. to teach - deepening understanding
3. to entertain - words that are pleasing

*All speeches have elements of all three*

1. invention - new ideas
2. order
3. style - word choice, lang., composition
4. memory - all edu. and experience
5. delivery - method and mode

1. prudence (practical wisdom)
2. justice
3. temperence
4. courage
5. faith
6. hope
7. charity

1. sloth
2. envy
3. gluttony
4. greed
5. pride
6. wrath
7. lust

Rhetorical Stance

Balence of: speaker, subject, audience

Inbalence:

1. overemphasize subject - forgot audience
2. overmphasize audience - salesperson, do every to appeal to audience
3. overemphasize speaker - entertainer

Rhetorical Situation

-situation controls speech

-exigency - create the need, urgency

- objective reality

- Recurring Rhetoricalist

Against Vatz:

- Train Track

Limit to Power

- Speech controls situation

- no objective reality

-Power of Speaker

- Bitzer and Vatz both wrong and both right

- walk in to world where reality already exists, not fully objective (or at least we cannot know it that way)

- we reshape and reconstitute the world as find it, but cannot make it

-Reagan