Pre-Socrates

What is the nature of the universe?

• First great Sage
• Family claims relationship to the gods
• lives next to the sea "all things begin and end with water"
• First Astronomer - "Father of Astronomy"
• invented Geometry - To measure distances when traveling
• First developer of modern Agriculture

Heraclitus (5440

• Jerk

1. Everything is in opposition
2. Can't step in the same river twice (Everything changes)
3. Distrust the senses 
4. Opposite of parmendias

Paramenides (540)

• Everyone Likes

1. "It is"
2. We see things as they change
3. opposite of heraclitus

Greeks

force them in a tunnel then come outside

300 battle

xeres leads persians

Leonidas leads greeks

Herodotus

• Records battle of 2.6 million troops
• first recording of a battle
• Beging of oral tradition

Inquiry

the study of the world

• First Archon
• proposed a bi-cameral legislation

1. Council of Archons - propose legislation
2. Boule ("Esembly")- 400 Members (all nobles, all men)

Termistocles

• Greek Navy
• Propose the delian league (first UN)
• on the island of delos

• "old onion head" wore helmet everywhere
• promotes wealth of greece "The Golden Age"
• His goal is to grow government

Statue of Athena

• Put his face on the statue, so they try to ostrasize him
• Gives a speach to defend himself...it works, first time rhetoric is important

Purpose

1. To honor and celebrate the fallen
2. Prais Democracy
3. Justify and define appropriate citizenship (the role of the citizen)

• 0-6 happends at home by mother/slave/tutor
• 7 boys go to school math/music/sports
• 12-18 more sports and some students sent to the academy
• 18 2 years for military training
• If you could pay for more schooling you would stay in school

1. Calvery (supply own horses)
2. Hoplite- Citizen warrior
3. poor- allowed to row boat
4. slave

80% was in agriculture

Everything else was...

• sports
• drink
• hunting
• art/music/literature

learned reading, writting, and math

Classes

1. Wives
2. Concubine- ongoing relationship without marriage (poor, widows, or slaves) considered prostitues
3. Hataerea- not marriage companion ( veryeducated, often persian, generally foreign

• Ran a brothle
• Rumored she lived with Pericles
• Has a son with Pericles who becomes an athenian general

1. Plato
2. Xenophon - Strong believer
3. Critia
4. Allcibiades- "the perfect Greek" (switches to sparta then switches back)

"distance between permanance and change"

• Wrote nothing
• does not like the idea of voting
• After athens lost war they blame socrates for undermining the government

Trial

1. 
   1st vote- guilty
2. 2nd vote- harsh death penalty
3. death by poison

• Born during the war
• After Socrates death leaves athens for 12 years
• opens the Academy (no tuition, but gifts expected)
• Wrote everything in dialog
• Aristotle is most famous student
• 
  

Gorgias

Dialectic- Form in interaction which we come to a conclusion

Goals

• nature of rhetoric
• Rhetoric good or bad?
• Relationship between rhetoric and the state

Characters

• Socrates
• Gorgias
• Polus - Student of gorgias
• Callicleds

After Gorgias, plato assumes rhetoric is NO GOOD

• Socrates
• Lysias
• Phaedrus

Reasons to have a lover vs a non-lover

1. No emotional attachment
2. Lovers can make demands over each other
3. Break-ups suck, can never have the same relationship

The soul- is a charriot

(smaller) white horse- horse of reason, it regulates (says no) 

(bigger) Black horse- Horse of appetite, desire, emotion (unregulated)

1. Philosopher King
2. Elite Group
3. Standard group (creates laws)
4. Warriors
5. Working class

1. Dialectic-
2. DiaNoia- "ah ha moment "an epiphany"

1. Speaker must be a philospher
2. know mens soul
3. have to know wheter something is ture (truth or opposition)
4. Must have technical skills
5. High Moral Purpose

• Paid teachers
• parapatetic- means wanderer
• teach the ability to argue
• understanding of legall/political structure
• audience adoption and analysis 

• Was a sophist 
• gifted in persuasion
• PANHELLIENISM- Defend all greek cities and stand together to fight everyone else off "binds states" 

1. Never live soley to give pleasure to someone else
2. Never do anything to deflect your health
3. Never be disurbed by others praise of blame
4. Never marry

KAIROS

• sophist/ writes against the sophists
• becomes a lowgographer - writes speaches for you in the courtroom
• bad a public speaking but loves to write
• Establishes a school
• "father of liberal education"
• says education is for developing civic leaders

1. Natural aptitude
2. Proper training from teachers
3. textbooks and applications developed by those teachers 

• born from greek parents in macedonia
• Father was a physisian and trained in biology
• parents die, gets $$ then moves to athens and learns from plato
• Teaches Alexander 
• opens the Lyceum

1. Man is the animal whose nature it is to live in the polus (The politcal aniaml)
2. if you chose not to live in the community then you are not a man (man is a rational animal)
3. Only animal who laughs (comedy is unique to humans)

(present) Epedictic- cerimonial "praise or blame"

(past) Forensic- judicial "justness or unjustness"

(future) Deliberative- policy "expediency or harmfulness"

Aristotle

Rhetoric

"the art of knowing in any given case the available means of persuasion

• Modes of proof
• Inartistic proofs
• Artistic proofs

Inductive- specific to the general

Deductive- general to specific