• The interdependent members of society who hold different opinions about a mutual problem and who seek to influence its resolution through discourse 

1. Self organized
2. A relation between strangers 
3. Public speech is addressed to us and to strangers
4. A public is constituted through mere attention 
5. Interactive social space is created by circulation of discourse,address, onlookers 
6. Temporality - publics have life
7. A public is poetic world making 

• The common realm or arena in which public discourse is produced 
• An institution that mediates between state and society

• Something for the benefit or well-being of the public at large
• A symbolic pact that holds us together 

• Ordinary; undistinguished or uninteresting; without individuality 

• Art, or craft
• Distinguished from episteme

• The product of a fit between expectations and a perceived reality 

• Government by the people
• A form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people 

• Realm of appearance, ambiguity, fluctuation, becoming, and opinion 

• Logical argument/appeal
• The truth/logical validity of what is being argued

• The projection of the speaker's character

• Emotional appeal
• Awakening the emotions of the audience

• Latin - contemplation, speculation, spectator; viewing

• A person or thing exhibited to, or set before, the public gaze as an object of: 
• (A) curiosity or contempt
• (B) marvel or admiration

• In the spectacle society, everything is a show and it is all about appearances

• The mass media invades society in the form of a mere technical apparatus - this apparatus is NOT neutral

• In the spectacle society, publicity is required in order to be heard 
• EX: Warning lables being put on cigarette boxes = publicity in order to get the message across 

1. Images are hard to analyze - tend to compress meaning and conflate 2 separate things into one
2. Appeals based on pathos (emotional appeals)
3. Focus on what is immediate and superficial

1. Cultivates short-term attention
2. Superficial focus - we aren't expected to know much about things
3. Gives fragmented understanding of complex issues
4. Makes us spectators rather than performers 

• A kind of knowledge that is uncertain but is more reliable than guesswork or opinon
• A probable answer to questions of how we should act 

• Concerns private life - matters that are unconnected to one's public or professional career
• Ex: relationships, finances, emotions

• Involved in advancing some type of special knowledge - requires more specialized reasoning 
• EX: a Colorado debate that includes technical knowledge of water law 

• The domain which is not reduced to any one cultural group or professional community, but can be influenced by them 
• Open to all, potentially of concern to all
• A forum to handle disagreements that transcend private and technical disputes 

• It is an institution that mediates between state and private interests

• "Our use of language constantly enters into dialogue with the language used by our interlocutors (people we interact with)" 
• The words that we use don't only belong to us, they also belong to other people 

• "Practical Wisdom" 

• Humor, enthusiasm, fluency, and a warm smile were more important than solid analysis for inspiring confidence in the candidate's qualifications to lead

• A text that is incomplete and calls on the reader to help supply or fill in the meaning

• The idea that standards users will apply to judge credibility of a site will depend on the characteristics of the field in which the site is located

1. Sensational news prevails over significant 
2. Reduces complex events/ideas to soundbites
3. Creates arbitrary obsolecense of every issue

1. Images/slogans used to supplement arguments
2. It proliferates images 

1. Focus on drama and local stories
2. Focus on symptoms of problems, not causes
3. Focus on simple events/individuals that are easy to convey visually

1. Manufactures endless, mindless distraction
2. Expands trivia endlessly 
3. Desensitizes publics to violence 
4. Sheer overload of media messages

1. Confuses distinction between T/F
2. Miexes politics and Entertainment-Politics

1. Emphasizes ideology of openness, access, and participation 
2. Emphasizes more, faster, and freer information 

• Everything in the information society
• Ex: news, movies, TV, gossip, blogs, scholarship, scientific research, PR, advertising

• Something that is historically vetted, established as true, canonical

3 things inspire confidence in an orator's character: Eunois, Arete, Phronesis

Define all 3

• Eunois = Good will
• Arete = Good moral character
  
• Phronesis = Practical wisdom (good sense) 

• Idea that web users are proletariat (workers) toiling for all-powerful (virtual) bourgeoisise (those who own means of production) 
• Produces little wealth for middle class

• Groups that feel invisible
• Recognize disconect between thier numbers and the extend to which they are recognized by dominant culture

• Includes all the tools we use to extend or support our mental powers
• Tools used to: find & classify info, formulate & articulate ideas, Sharke knowledge, take measurements & perform caltulations, expand the capacity of our memories
• E.g. typewriter, slide ruler, pen, globe, book, newspaper, internet... 

• The idea that digital designs/ideas get frozen into place and built-on 

• Idea that repeated mental and physical activity alter our neural pathways (vital paths)
• Brains reorganize themselves, and fairly quickly

• The idea that the internet has caused us to read/do things in a non-linear fashion

• How and why some behavior, phenomena, or process become a problem 

• Domain where users can interact and share/alter content 
• The cut & paste, mix & match kind of stuff

• Inspires mob-mentality, hive-mind
• Individual intelligence and creativity are stripped away and we are left with "mediocre mush"

• Direct democracy - citizens who whish to have a say in government can participate in it (only men)

• Central gathering place 
• The place where parrhesia appears

• "Free speech" 

1. Frankness
2. Truth
3. Danger
4. Criticism
5. Duty

• Frankness = directness
• Speaker does not hide own opinion, direct about what he believes

• Speaker states what is really his opinion
• Does not have any doubt

• Speaking to someone more powerful, speaking from position of inferiority
• Take a risk to say something different from what the majority believes

• The truth spoken is capable of hurting/angering the interlocutor 
• Takes risk by disclosing a truth which threatens majority

• Speaker recognizes that truth-telling is a duty
• Improves own circumstances and helps/supports others (public good)

• Mob - Large crowds that carry out a public performance, then post results on youtube 
• Rob - organizing a group of people to loot an area, very difficult to control 

• Protester - someone (without weapons) who declares themself as opposed
• Rioter - someone who is part of an unruly group

1. To ensure process of reasoning is correct, to determine whether or not a satement is true 
2. To discover what importance truth telling as an activity holds for the individual and society 

• The idea that crowds form shared identities that evolve as the situation changes

1. Dangerous, mindless chatter
2. Says truth because he knows it is true