• The interdependent members of society who hold different opinions about a mutual problem and who seek to influence its resolution through discourse 

1. Self organized
2. A relation between strangers 
3. Public speech is addressed to us and to strangers
4. A public is constituted through mere attention 
5. Interactive social space is created by circulation of discourse,address, onlookers 
6. Temporality - publics have life
7. A public is poetic world making 

• Generic reference to a body of disinterested members of a society or polity
•  No more informative to an understanding of social knowledge and social action than an undefined reference to "they" 

• The common realm or arena in which public discourse is produced 
• An institution that mediates between state and society

• Things that all members of a society have equal access to 
• Ex: education, military, roads, ect.

• Something for the benefit or well-being of the public at large
• A symbolic pact that holds us together 

• Counterpublics are constituted in confluctual relations to dominant publics

• Ordinary; undistinguished or uninteresting; without individuality 

• Art, or craft
• Distinguished from episteme

• The product of a fit between expectations and a perceived reality 

• Government by the people
• A form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people 

• The idea that there is a certain stance or position that is called forth from a text 

Define: Deliberative Rhetoric (Hauser/Booth)

What is it used for?

• Attempts to make the best possible future
• Used to uncover, assess, and resolve shared problems

• Trying to figure out what happened in the past
• Attempts to change what we see as truth about the past

• Attempts to reshape views of the present 

• Consists of uncontested factual claims
• Accepted by both parties and is undisputed

• Realm of appearance, ambiguity, fluctuation, becoming, and opinion 

• A reasoning link that connects the data to the claim 

• Expresses a specific position on some controversial issue that the arguer wants the audience to accept

• Arguments need data, claim, and warrant

• Logical argument/appeal
• The truth/logical validity of what is being argued

• The projection of the speaker's character

• Emotional appeal
• Awakening the emotions of the audience

• Dictates that what is said must be said at the right time

• "The appropriate" 
• What you are saying needs to be appropriate for the time in which you are saying something

• "The Possible" 
• Sophists focus: turning the possible into the actual

• A reader's relationship to a text 

• When a reader finds characters, themes, or images in the text with which he identifies, or desires to identify
• EX: kid imagines himself as Shaq while watching him on TV 

• Text does not invite reader to see themselves in the text, but does call readers to see characters, images, and themes in a distanced and ironic way 
• Ironic or satiric texts often encourage this stance

• A subjectivity is assumed that is at odds with, and often directly opposed to, the call of the text

• Whole classes of people may be created for others and for themselves as objects, not subjects. 
• EX: Porn offers women only a stance as objects

1. Maintains awareness of subordinate status
2. Addresses indefinite strangers
3. Participation helps to constitute identity and fashion subjectivity 

• Through daily monitoring of how opinions get expressed in society

• The idea that certain discourses call out to us or hail to us as a subject 

• Latin - contemplation, speculation, spectator; viewing

• A person or thing exhibited to, or set before, the public gaze as an object of: 
• (A) curiosity or contempt
• (B) marvel or admiration

• In the spectacle society, everything is a show and it is all about appearances

• The mass media invades society in the form of a mere technical apparatus - this apparatus is NOT neutral

• In the spectacle society, publicity is required in order to be heard 
• EX: Warning lables being put on cigarette boxes = publicity in order to get the message across 

1. Images are hard to analyze - tend to compress meaning and conflate 2 separate things into one
2. Appeals based on pathos (emotional appeals)
3. Focus on what is immediate and superficial

1. Cultivates short-term attention
2. Superficial focus - we aren't expected to know much about things
3. Gives fragmented understanding of complex issues
4. Makes us spectators rather than performers 

• A kind of knowledge that is uncertain but is more reliable than guesswork or opinon
• A probable answer to questions of how we should act 

• Uncertainty is the grounding of all types of disagreement
• It is a basis for settling disputes over what to do

• Concerns private life - matters that are unconnected to one's public or professional career
• Ex: relationships, finances, emotions

• Involved in advancing some type of special knowledge - requires more specialized reasoning 
• EX: a Colorado debate that includes technical knowledge of water law 

• The domain which is not reduced to any one cultural group or professional community, but can be influenced by them 
• Open to all, potentially of concern to all
• A forum to handle disagreements that transcend private and technical disputes 

• It is a descriptive concept 
• The public sphere tries to identify a range of historically real political and social contidtions that both enable and constrain public discourse within a society

• The public sphere tries to identify norms and ideals with enduring value that can function as a ground for social critique 

1. Arena that is open to all, to which all have equal access to expression 
2. Arena defined by rational-critical discourse in which social critique takes place 
3. Arena in which the best arguments prevail

• It is an institution that mediates between state and private interests

• Having a capacity to participate in rhetorical experiences

• "Our use of language constantly enters into dialogue with the language used by our interlocutors (people we interact with)" 
• The words that we use don't only belong to us, they also belong to other people 

• "Practical Wisdom" 

• Ancient Greek word for a person who didn't weigh in on public affairs

1. Owners of opinion polls use them to take snapshots in time - tries to determine what the polled people want to hear 
2. They measure attitude rather than what people think 

• Humor, enthusiasm, fluency, and a warm smile were more important than solid analysis for inspiring confidence in the candidate's qualifications to lead

• Rhetoric involving strangers engaging one another in order to develop and express public opinions

• A text that is incomplete and calls on the reader to help supply or fill in the meaning

• A text that is finished; doesn't position the reader as key to making new meaning

• The idea that standards users will apply to judge credibility of a site will depend on the characteristics of the field in which the site is located

• A rhetorical achievement accomplished through public dialogue in the assembly, in the courts, and on civic occasions

• A network of associations independent of the state whose members seek to regulate themselves through social interactions that balance conflict and consensus

• The quality of being trusted, convincing, or believable

• A negotiation among elite and nonelite groups - always contains interests of nonelite groups, though to a lesser degree

1. Sensational news prevails over significant 
2. Reduces complex events/ideas to soundbites
3. Creates arbitrary obsolecense of every issue

1. Images/slogans used to supplement arguments
2. It proliferates images 

1. Focus on drama and local stories
2. Focus on symptoms of problems, not causes
3. Focus on simple events/individuals that are easy to convey visually

1. Manufactures endless, mindless distraction
2. Expands trivia endlessly 
3. Desensitizes publics to violence 
4. Sheer overload of media messages

1. Confuses distinction between T/F
2. Miexes politics and Entertainment-Politics

1. Emphasizes ideology of openness, access, and participation 
2. Emphasizes more, faster, and freer information 

• Everything in the information society
• Ex: news, movies, TV, gossip, blogs, scholarship, scientific research, PR, advertising

• Something that is historically vetted, established as true, canonical