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| used to influence beliefs or attitudes through the associations, connotations, and implications of words, sentences, or more extended passages. |
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| an expression used to pay down or diminish the importance of a claim |
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| a word or phrase used to produce a negative effect on a reader's or listener's attitude about something or to minimize the positive associations the thing may have |
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| an agreeable or inoffensive expression that is substituted for an expression that may offend the hearer or suggest something unpleasant |
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| a pattern of fallacious reasoning in which ridicule is disguised as a reason for rejecting a claim |
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| extravagant overstatement |
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| an insinuation of something deprecatory |
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| a question that rests on one or more unwarranted or unjustified assumptions |
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| a passing over with brief mention so as to emphasize the suggestiveness of what is omitted (aka significant mention) |
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| an expression used to suggest that there is evidence or authority for a claim without actually saying that there is |
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| a linguistic device used to affect opinions, attitudes, or behavior without argumentation (relies heavily on the suggestive power of words and phrases to convey and evoke favorable and unfavorable images |
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| an oversimplified generalization about the members of a class or culture |
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| an expression used to protect a claim from criticism by weakening it |
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| a pattern of fallacious reasoning in which flattery is disguised as a reason for accepting a claim |
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| "argument" from common practice |
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| attempts to justify or defend an action or a practice on the grounds that it is common - that "everybody" or at least lots of people, do the same thing |
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| trying to induce acceptance of a claim by arousing feelings of jealousy |
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| using a threat rather than a legitimate argument to "support" a "conclusion" |
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| fallacy that occurs when someone lets identification with a group cloud reason and deliberation when arriving at a position on an issue |
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| trying to get someone to accept a claim by making him or her feel bad for not accepting it |
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| a powerful and often fierce emotional attachment to one's country that can lead a person to blind endorsement of any policy or practice of that country |
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| an attempt to persuade others by provoking anger in them, usually by inflammatory words, followed by a "conclusion" of some sort |
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| a fallacious pattern of reasoning in which you are in effect threatened with rejection by your friends, relatives, etc., if you don't accept a certain claim |
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| supporting a claim by arousing pity rather than offering legitimate argument |
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| "argument" from popularity |
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| accepting or urging others to accept a claim simply because all or most or some substantial number of people believe it (to do this is to commit a fallacy) |
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| a consideration offered in support of a position that is not relevant to the truth or falsity of the issue in question |
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| using a false pretext in order to satisfy our desires of interests |
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| when a person brings a topic into a conversation that distracts from the original point (especially if its intended) |
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| claiming a moral standard holds universally while simultaneously maintaining it doesn't hold within societies that don't accept it |
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| placing the blame for some bad effect on a person or group of people who are not really responsible for it but who provide an easy target for animosity |
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| placing the blame for some bad effect on a person or group of people who are not really responsible for it but who provide an easy target for animosity |
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| trying to scare someone into accepting or rejecting a claim (commonly includes merely describing a frightening scenario rather than offering evidence that some activity will cause it) |
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| an irrelevant topic or consideration introduced into a discussion to divert attention from the original issue |
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| this pattern of fallacious reasoning: "Well, X may be true for you, but it isn't for me," said with the intent of dismissing or rejecting X |
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| "argument" from tradition |
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| "arguing" that a claim is true on the grounds that it is traditional to believe it is true |
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| "two wrongs make a right" |
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| this pattern of fallacious reasoning: "It's acceptable for A to do X to B because B would do X to A," said where A's doing X to B is not necessary to prevent B's doing X to A |
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| accepting a claim because you want it to be true, or rejecting it because you don't want it to be true |
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