Term
|
Definition
| A long emotional enduring bond between the child and the care giver. |
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Term
| Define Separation Anxiety |
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Definition
| Distress shown by infant when they are removed from primary caregiver |
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Term
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Definition
| Distress shown by an infant when they are approached or picked up by someone who is unfamiliar |
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Term
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Definition
| How the child acts when their caregiver returns |
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Term
| Strengths of the Strange Situation |
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Definition
No demand characteristics from child
Well structured
Reliable
Replicable
True to life |
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Term
| Weaknesses of the Strange Situation |
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Definition
Demand characteristics from care giver
Individual temeperment
Unethical
Artificial
Does not take into account past
Only uses middle class children
Ethnocentric
Do the children have siblings? |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendancy to believe that one ethnic or cultural group is centerally important and that all other groups are measured in relation to ones own |
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Term
| Aim of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's experiment |
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Definition
| To investigate the reported rates of different infant attatchment types in a range of cultures |
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Term
| Procedure of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's experiment |
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Definition
meta analysis of other situation studies
observed only mothers or infants(not fathers)
classifieed infants into A, B or C
exculded special needs children
exculded any studies with less than 35 mother infant pairs
exculded any study using children older than 2 years old |
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Term
| Evaluation of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's experiment |
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Definition
Sample size
Ethnocentric
Influence on cultures
Westernised countries
Differences in child rearing
Differences within a culture |
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Term
| Results of Van Ijezndoorn and Kroonenberg's experiment |
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Definition
West Germany: 35%A, 57%B, 8%C
Great Britian: 22%A, 75%B 3%C
Netherlands: 26%A, 67%B, 7%C
Sweden: 22%A, 74%B 4%C
Israel: 7%A, 64%B 29%C
Japan: 5%A, 68%B 27%C
China: 25%A, 50%B 25%C
USA: 21%A, 65%B 14%C |
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Term
|
Definition
Anxious avoidant:
idnored the mother, their plans hardly |
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Term
|
Definition
Securely Attached:
Happy when the mother was around, upset when the mother left |
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Term
|
Definition
Anxious resistant:
fussy and wary even when the mother was present, cried a lot more than Types A and B |
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Term
| Strange Situation (Ainsworth) Findings |
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Definition
Type A - 15%
Type B - 70%
Type C - 15% |
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Term
| Define Classical Conditioning |
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Definition
| Learning through association (Little Albert) |
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Term
|
Definition
Little Albert had a small white aminal in front of him and a massive drum behind him
The drum was hit when holding the animal or being near the animal
He associated the noise of the drum being hit with the small white animal
He felt scared of the animal as of the loud drum
He was never taught the reverse so always felt scared of small white animals |
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Term
|
Definition
| Never having the attatchment in the first place |
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Term
|
Definition
| Having an attatchment and it being taken away |
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Term
|
Definition
IMASC
I - Internal Working Model
M - Monotropy
A - Adaptive
S - Social Releases
C - Critical Period |
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Term
|
Definition
| The internal working model is how we view/what we believe about ourselves, others and the world. It influences what we expect of and from ourselves, others and the world in general and directs how we respond. It begins to form as soon as we are born and is based on experiences with others and the outcomes of our efforts. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a mother appears to be able to bond with only one infant at a time. |
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Term
|
Definition
infants have an innate desire to attach to their mothers as it increases their chances of survival.
If a mother does not care for her child, the child will die and therefore the mother’s genes will also die. Due to this process, mothers now have a gene for looking after their babies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Being innate the child has built in mechanisms for encouraging care-giving behaviour from parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| Being innate Bowlby believed there would be a period in which they were most likely to develop, similar to the critical period for imprinting. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| During the first hours of separation the child will protest such as crying |
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Term
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Definition
| Start to lose interest in the surroundings with increased withdrawl |
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Term
| Deatchment in the PDD Model |
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Definition
| Child may become more interested in the surroundings and previous attatchments may be permanently damaged and trust and secruity may be lost |
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Term
| Extreme Privation: The Twins |
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Definition
| never attatched to the mother or father but may have attached to each other. They lead normal lives now after being saved from the life that they were living. |
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Term
|
Definition
| She was locked in a room with no one to talk to and was hit when she talked. She was never taught to walk so had severe rickets. She never reached her potential and was severely damaged. |
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Term
|
Definition
affect institutional upbringing of later attatchments
longitudinal study
sixteen years
4 year gaps
most dropped out
some were looked after by real parents others by adoptive |
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Term
|
Definition
birth - 3 months
smile at people's faces
prefernece to people rather than objects |
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Term
|
Definition
3 months to 7 months
tell between familiar and unfamiliar faces
will go to strangers
smiles at people they know |
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Term
|
Definition
7 months to 9 months
stays close to care givers
distressed if separated
avoid contact with strangers |
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Term
| Multiple attatchment stage |
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Definition
9 months onwards
strong emotional ties with family members and peers |
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Term
| Harlows monkey experiment |
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Definition
| the monkey had a choice between comfort and food. He chose comfort. He needs postivie reinforcement but also negative reinforcement to maintain a learning curve. The monkey with the food was wire and the monkey without food was a cloth. |
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Term
| Strange Situation (Ainsworth) |
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Definition
Conclusions:
maternal sensitivity
incapable psycopath
infant temperment |
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Term
| Strange Situation Episode 1 |
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Definition
Mother baby and observer present
Observer introduces mother and baby to experimental room then leaves |
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Term
| Strange Situation Episode 2 |
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Definition
Mother and baby present
Mother is passive while baby explores |
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Term
| Strange Situation Episode 3 |
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Definition
Stranger, mother and baby present
stranger enters. first minute: stranger silent. second minute:stranger talks to mother. third minute: stranger approaches baby. after 3 minutes mother leaves |
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Term
| Strange Situation Episode 4 |
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Definition
Stranger and baby present
first separation episode. strangers behaviours is geared to the baby's |
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Term
| Strange Situation Episode 5 |
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Definition
Mother and baby present
first renioun episode. stranger leaves. mother comforts baby and settles baby into play. then leaves saying bye |
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Term
| Strange Situation Episode 6 |
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Definition
Baby present
second separation episode |
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Term
| Strange Situation Episode 7 |
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Definition
Stranger and baby present
continuation of second separation. stranger enters and gears to baby's behaviour |
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Term
| Strange Situation Episode 8 |
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Definition
Mother and baby present
second reniuon episode. mother enters greets baby and picks baby up. stranger leaves |
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Term
| Evaluation on Strange Situations (Ainsworth) |
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Definition
Established method
Paradigm
Stable characteristic
Different parental relationships
Low ecological validity
Ethically dubious |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The characteristic of the child changes with circumstances at home and how the child is classified. To be stable it should not change |
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Term
| Different parental relationships |
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Definition
| The child may be securely attatched to the father and not the mother or vice versa. It needs to be taken in account which it is not |
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Term
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Definition
| Far removed far everyday life and have a script. |
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Term
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Definition
| Although children are left which strangers (child care and the such) for a breif period of time we must think about the stress on the child in the circumstances. |
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Term
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Definition
| A basic way of investigating the topic |
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Term
| Evaluation of Learning theory |
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Definition
largely based on non-human animal research
even baby monkeys need comfort more than food
more to human attatchment than cupboard love |
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Term
| Based on non-human animal research |
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Definition
| we cannot be sure whether the findings apply to humans |
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Term
| Even baby monkeys need comfort more than food |
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Definition
| suggested that attatchment isn't based on food as when a monkey was taken from its mother and raised with a blanket of some sort and it was taken away the monkey got distressed |
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Term
| More to human attatchment than cupboard love |
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Definition
| Babies dont live to eat they eat to live, they also have attatchments to people whom food has nothing to do with |
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Term
| Evaluation of Bowlby's attatchment theory |
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Definition
mother isn't special in the way Bowlby claimed
Multiple attatchments are the norm
Fathers can be 'mothers' to |
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Term
| The mother isn't special in the way Bowlby claimed |
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Definition
| babies and young children show attatchments to people other than mothers |
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Term
| Multiple attatchments are the norm |
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Definition
| didn't deny that children formed multiple bonds just that it is part of the norm |
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Term
| Fathers can be 'mothers' too |
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Definition
| findings suggest that fathers can be attatchment figures in their own right |
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Term
| Evaluation of Bowlby's MDH |
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Definition
Recognise some of the method weaknesses of these studies
Recognise that the institutions were extremely unstimulating environments for young children
Distinguish between the effects of deprivation and privation |
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Term
| Recognise some of the method weaknesses of these studies |
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Definition
| the poorer development of the group 1 children may have been due as much to these early differences as to the time they spent together |
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Term
| Recognise that the institions were extremely unstimulating environments for young children |
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Definition
| lack of stimulation could have been responsible for their poor development, as to the absense of maternal care |
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Term
| Distinguish between ther effects of deprivation and privation |
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Definition
| there is no opportunity to form an attatchment with anyone in the fist place |
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Term
|
Definition
| all varities of non-maternal care of chidlren who normally live with their parents or close relatives |
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Term
|
Definition
Health and safety
Interactions between children and staff
Developmentally appropriate cirriculum
Limited size group
Age-appropriate
Child:caregiver ratios
Adequate indoor and outdoor space
Adequate staff training
Low staff turnover |
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Term
|
Definition
Culture Bias
Day care may not be the only difference
Using the Strange Situation to assess the effets of daycare may be invalid |
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Term
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Definition
| much of the reserch was carried out in the USA, and conclusions drawn fomr these may not apply to other socities |
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Term
| Using Strange Situation to assess the effects of day care may be invalid |
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Definition
| streesful to mother and child but day care children are used to seperations from the mother to be indifferent to the mothers return |
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Term
| Day care may no be the only difference |
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Definition
| may be difference between mothers who chose to work and those who don't, which account for the different rates of insecure attatchment |
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Term
|
Definition
| means the system of retaininng information, the actual storage system or the material thathas been retained |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of transforming a sensory imput for it to be registered in memory |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of retaining or holding information in memory until it's required |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of locating information that has been stored and extracting it from memory so we are consciously aware of it |
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Term
| Multi-store memory model (Atkinson and Shiffrin) |
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Definition
Capacity - how much information can be stored
Encoding - the form in which information is stored
Duration - the length of time in which information is stored |
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Term
| Evaluation of research into encoding in the STM |
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Definition
Results of Baddeley's study do make 'cognitive sense'
STM is not restricted to acoustic coding |
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Term
| STM is not restricted to acousitc coding |
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Definition
| some semantic coding has been demonstrated in the STM |
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Term
| Results of Baddeley's study do make 'cognitive sense' |
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Definition
| If you were asked to remeber a shopping list you would repeat it as you go round the shop |
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Term
| Evaluation of research into capacity of STM |
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Definition
Replicated research
Other factors? |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| age and practice have been shown to influence memory now |
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Term
| Evalutaion of research into encoding in LTM |
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Definition
Cognitive sense
Different types of LTM |
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Term
|
Definition
| easily replicated and the findings are consistant |
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Term
|
Definition
procedural memory
episodic memory |
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Term
|
Definition
Mainly acoustic
7+/-2
<30 seconds |
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Term
|
Definition
Mainly semantic
Unlimited
30 seconds to a lifetime |
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Term
| Evalutaion and analysis of MSM |
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Definition
Influencial, useful
STM/LTM Differences
Serial position effect |
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Term
|
Definition
| early model and scietists still use it |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| say the words at the beginning of the list again and again and know the last few just miss the middle |
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Term
|
Definition
Over simplified
Mere rehearsal doesnt ensure transfer from STM to LTM
Over-emphasis on one way direction of the MSMM
Over emphasis on the amount of information |
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Term
|
Definition
| assumes a single STM and a single LTM |
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Term
| Mere rehearsal doesnt ensure transfer from STM to LTM |
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Definition
| not the only factor in the transfer of information |
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Term
| Over emphasis on one way direction of the MSMM |
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Definition
| important aspect of memory is neglected |
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Term
| Over emphasis on the amount of information |
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Definition
| cannot be measured purely in terms of the amount of information to be recalled |
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Term
|
Definition
Central Executive
Articulatory control system
Phonological store
Visuo-spatial scratchpad |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Articulatory control system |
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Definition
Inner Voice
Time-based capacity |
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Term
|
Definition
Inner Ear
Decay rate: 2 seconds |
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Term
|
Definition
Inner Eye
Limited capacity |
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Term
|
Definition
Research support
Importance of rehersal
Physiological evidence
Only STM
Fucntion of central executive
Capacity of the central executive
Practice or time |
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Term
|
Definition
| at least two systems in the STM |
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Term
|
Definition
| the importance of rehearsal for STM retention |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| not a comprenhensive model of memory |
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Term
| Function of central executive |
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Definition
| unclear how it works or what it does |
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Term
| Capacity of the central executive |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| doesnt explain changes in processing ability |
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Term
|
Definition
| recalling all you have seen about an accident |
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Term
| Evaluation of the relationship between anxiety and eye witness testimony |
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Definition
Research support
Over simple |
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Term
|
Definition
| others had already done the research, this was a copy |
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Term
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Definition
| meta-analysis, too many people involved didn't use all results |
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Term
| Evaluation of the relationship between age and eye witness testimiony |
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Definition
Research suppport
Conflicting research evidence
Age or other factors |
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Term
|
Definition
| were given mislead information so had to tell the difference |
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Term
| Conflicting research evidence |
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Definition
| older witnesses may be more unreliable |
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Term
|
Definition
| it is unclear what influiences the evidence that is given due to the memory |
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Term
|
Definition
Smashed
Collided
Bumped
Hit
Contacted |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Evaluation of Loftus' experiment |
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Definition
other research support
real life eye testimony
Demand characteristics
Demand characteristics
Participant expectations and consequences
Deliberately misleading informtion
Minor aspects of memory |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Real life eye witness testimony |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| provide answerws they thought that they should be given |
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Term
| Participant expectations and consequences |
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Definition
| dont expect to be deliberately mislead by university researchers |
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Term
| Deliberately misleading informtion |
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Definition
| memory of important events isn't easily distorted |
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Term
|
Definition
| misleading information affects only minor, relatively unimportant |
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Term
| Evaluation of cognitive interview |
|
Definition
Research support
Enhanced cognitive interview
Validity of cognitive interviews |
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Term
|
Definition
| Another experiment has been done along the same lines so they can tell if the information is relaible or not |
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Term
| Enhanced cognitive interview |
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Definition
| used more techniques to help with the experiment and the results |
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Term
| Validity of cognitive interviews |
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Definition
| It has a high locus of control |
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Term
| Enhanced Cognitive interview (Fisher) |
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Definition
Recall everything no matter how important
Change perspective as to a different person
Think through the scene
Recall in a different order |
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Term
| Evaluation of Enhanced Cognitive Interview |
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Definition
Practical problems involving application of cognitive interviewing
Limited use by the police |
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Term
| Practical problems involving application of cognitive interviewing |
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Definition
May not work for everybody.
People may not think like that |
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Term
| Limited use by the police |
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Definition
| The police do not use it as much as would be thought to |
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Term
| Strategies of memory improvement |
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Definition
Chunking
Organisation of meterial into catergories
Imagery
Peg word mnemonic |
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Term
|
Definition
| Making it easier to recognise the words or so. Chunking a telephone number into easy to remeber parts. |
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Term
| Organisation of material into catergories |
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Definition
| changing the way we think to link number or letter to something else |
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Term
|
Definition
| imagine a picture that links to the word or numbers then just remeber those in stead of all the words or numbers. |
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Term
|
Definition
One is a bun
Two is a shoe
Three is a bee
Four is a door |
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Term
| Non-memory factors that improve memory |
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Definition
age
weapons
feelings/emotions at that point in time |
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