Term
| what insecticides does WHO recommend in its long lasting insecticides nets? |
|
Definition
Pyrethroids
e.g deltamethrin or permethrin |
|
|
Term
| lifespan of long lasting insecticidal net? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which flies are attracted to blue cloth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
female sand fleas called tunga penetrans
also known as jigger fleas |
|
|
Term
| life cycle tunga penetrans |
|
Definition
| eggs shed into enviroment > hatch into motile larvae > pupae enviromentally stable > adults hatch from it >adult female burrows into stratum granulosum > preg female resides in s/c lesion |
|
|
Term
| which part of body can tungiasis occur? |
|
Definition
| All parts of the body but 99% lesions are in the feet |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of tungiasis |
|
Definition
early infection a brown spot might be the only sign
itching and pain day after infection
scratching causes bacterial superinfection |
|
|
Term
| chronic complications of tungiasis |
|
Definition
fissues, ulcers, lympoedema, loss of nails, ascending neuritis, tissue necrosis
disfigurement and mutation cause changes in the way people walk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
topical application of 2 component dimethcone
rubbing oil over wound suffocates fleas
avoid tearing the flea because it causes wolbachia and this induces further inflammation
tetatus status checked
surgical extraction should be performed by trained healthworkers with sterile instruments |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 categories of vector control? |
|
Definition
enviromental - source reduction, waste mx
Mechanical - housing improvements
Biological - biological larvicides and natural enemy conservation
Chemical -ITN, IRS |
|
|
Term
| which bacteria is used for larval control again anopheles larvae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| approaches to vector control in malaria? |
|
Definition
kill mosq
stop them from biting people
stop them from getting infected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
release of insects carrying dominant lethal gene.
modified males released into popn. they mate with females but offspring are unviable |
|
|
Term
| what antidotes are there to snake venom? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what to do immediately after a snak bite? |
|
Definition
immobilise pt
get to hospital
try determine species of snak |
|
|
Term
| how should anti venom be given? |
|
Definition
| slow injection with IV adrenaline on standby |
|
|
Term
| when should fasciotomy be carried out? |
|
Definition
when haemostatic abnormalities have been corrected
clinical features of intracompartmental syndrome are present and
high intracompartmental pressure has been confirmed by direct measurement |
|
|
Term
| which snake causes most deaths worldwide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many of the worlds 2700 species of snakes are venomous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what % of snake bites are dry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of snake vemon |
|
Definition
cytotoxic
haemotoxic
myotoxic
neurotoxic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
wash 15mins
compression bandage towards the heart
remove rings and tight clothing
splint
snake bite serum (same dose adults/children)
80% snake bites are below the knee |
|
|
Term
| what component of leeches have anticoagulant effect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which spiders have venom 15 x potent than rattlenskae? |
|
Definition
black widow and
brown recluse |
|
|
Term
| name of black widow toxin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
israelia deathstalker
brazillian yellow scorpion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High dose painkillers and BDZ |
|
|
Term
| snakes are poikilothermic meaning? |
|
Definition
| they cannot regulate body temperature except with burrowing or bathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
elapid venom?
e.g. cobras and coral snakes with hollow fangs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe 20min whole blood clotting time for haemolytic venom bites |
|
Definition
2ml of blood in a bottle
leave to stand at room temp for 20mins
after 20mins invert the bottle
if the blood is clotted this is an expected 'negative result' and indicates not coagulopathy present.
if the blood remains unclotted after 20mins shows presence of coagulopathy
test can be negative but become positive so should be repeated after 6 hours |
|
|
Term
| how long should snake bite pts be observed for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which is the only venomous snake in the UK? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| among 15-29 what is the leading cause of death globally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
remove clothing
irrigate burns with cold water
wrap patient in a clean cloth and transport to hospital |
|
|
Term
| 14 categories of trauma care |
|
Definition
airway mx
respiratory distress mx
shock mx
head injury
neck injury
chest injury
abdo injury
extremity injury
spinal injury
burns and wounds
rehabilitation
pain control and meds
dx and monitoring
safety for health care personnel |
|
|
Term
| mnemonic for focused trauma hx? |
|
Definition
AMPLE
Allergies
Meds
PMH
Last meal
Events leading to presentation |
|
|
Term
| what is target global maternity mortality ratio set by sustainable development agenda? |
|
Definition
| <70 per 100,000 live births |
|
|
Term
| 3 causes of maternal mortality? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is used to reduce risk of bleeding after birth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which group of women at greatest risk of maternal mortality? |
|
Definition
| adolescents - highest risk for those <15 |
|
|
Term
| is it posible for HIV+ mother to produce a HIV - baby? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| death of mother while pregnant or within 42 days after birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deaths/100,00 women (15-49) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deaths per 100,000 live births |
|
|
Term
| top 3 causes of child mortality? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which malnutrition condition results in swollen abdomen and oedema in child? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do you see in marasmus malnutrion? |
|
Definition
| Wasted child rather than the oedematous child of kwashiokor |
|
|
Term
vit b3 is aka?
results in which condition? |
|
Definition
Niacin
results in pellagra 4Ds (dementia, dermatitis, diarhhoes, death) |
|
|
Term
| leading cause of childhood blindness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathogmonic sign in eyes of vit A deficinecy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
B1 vitamin is aka?
Condition in B1 deficiency? |
|
Definition
Thiamine
Beri beri - wet an dry |
|
|
Term
| wernickes encephalopathy and korsikoffs syndrome are types of whuch beri beri? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reduced iodine in diet. what sign might patient have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
mx of initial malnutrion
7 steps |
|
Definition
prevent hypoglycaemia
prevent hypothermia
prevent dehydration and shock
correct electrolytes
rx/prevent infection
correct micronutrient deficiencies
start to feed the child |
|
|
Term
| initial 3 steps of mx malnutrition |
|
Definition
prevent hypoglycamia
prevent
hypothermia
prevent dehydration or shock |
|
|
Term
| after the initial 7 steps of mx malnutritioned child which phase do we enter? |
|
Definition
the rehabilitation phase
encourage child to eat as much as possible
rapid catch up growth
sensory stimulation
emotional support
discharge and follow up should be planned |
|
|
Term
| define travells diarrhoea? |
|
Definition
3 or more stools 24 hours
persistent if > 14 days
chronic if > 6/12 |
|
|
Term
| out of the orintal rat flea and the human flea which one has the meral rod? |
|
Definition
| the oriental rat flea xenopsylla cheopic |
|
|
Term
| cat flea has which 3 identifying parts? |
|
Definition
genal comb
pronotal comb
meral rod |
|
|
Term
| does a human flea posses meral rod, pronotal or genal comb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ixodidade
harD...ixoDIDADE |
|
|
Term
giardia - how is it caught?
how many flagella do trophozoites have
metronidazole is a rx. what about mapecrine?
can chlorination kill cysts? |
|
Definition
caught by ingesting cysts
four pairs of flagella
mepacrine is also a rx
standard chlorination does not kill cysts but boiling water for 10mins can |
|
|
Term
| Vibrio parahaemolyticus signifincance |
|
Definition
| V. parahaemolyticus is a causative organism in shellfish-associated gastroenteritis. |
|
|
Term
splenectomy results in thrombocytosis or thrombocytopenia?
also what is shown on blood film post splenectomy? |
|
Definition
thrombocytosis
howell-jolly bodies |
|
|
Term
| causes of nephrotic syndrome in the tropics |
|
Definition
Schistosoma mansoni
Plasmodium malariae
Hepatitis B virus
Mycobacterium leprae
Loa loa and filarial worms |
|
|
Term
| HIV + should not be given which vaccines |
|
Definition
BCG
TY21a (oral typhoid)
Yellow fever vaccine |
|
|
Term
| steroids should not be given in crebral malaria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name some conditions where steroids are beneficial as rx? |
|
Definition
Severe typhoid
Hib meningitis in children
Croup
Tuberculoid leprosy
Severe pneumocystis pneumonia
Tuberculous meningitis
Type 1 lepra reaction
Katayama fever |
|
|
Term
| are steroids beneficial in visceral leishmaniais? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in tuberculoid leprosy
skin lesion symmetrical?
skin smear + or -?
Lepromin test +?
rx? |
|
Definition
Asymmetrical lesions
skin smear is negative
Lepromin test +
treat with dapsone rifampicin clofazamine 6months |
|
|
Term
| chicken pox infective period? |
|
Definition
5 days before rash
6 days after last crop |
|
|
Term
rubella infective period?
rube11a (11) |
|
Definition
7 days before and 4 days after rash
7+4 = eleven |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3 days before 7 days after salivary swelling |
|
|
Term
| scarlett fever infective period |
|
Definition
| from appearance of rash to 1 day completion of penicillin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| onset of prodrome to 4 days after onset of rash |
|
|
Term
which lobe does amoebic abscess usually affect? what is an indication for drainage of abscess?
do you get eosinophilla with it? |
|
Definition
Usually affects right lobe
if left lobe affected this is indication for drainage
a/w neutrophilia not eosinophilia |
|
|
Term
| infections with incubation periods of < 10 days |
|
Definition
dengue
plague
malaria
yellow fever
rickettsial infections |
|
|
Term
in severe enteric fever (typhoid)
steroids indicated T/F
cipro 1st line in UK for adults T/F
Jaundice is a complication T/F
Myocarditis can occur T/F
Bowel perf should be managed conservatively T/F |
|
Definition
Steroids T
Cipro 1st line in UK T
Jaundice is a complication T
Myocarditis T
Conservative rx for bowel perf F surgery improves mortality |
|
|
Term
| causative organism for mellioidosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rx mellioidosis with cefuroxime? |
|
Definition
False cefuroxime does not cover pseudomonas species
Rx ceftazidien |
|
|
Term
| mellioidosis can be complicated by parotitis T/F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| s/c nodules are found in... |
|
Definition
onchocerciasis
neurofibromatosis
cysticercosis |
|
|
Term
kwashikor means displaced from the breast
commonly affects children aged 1-2 years characteristics... |
|
Definition
oedema
hepatomegaly - no splenomegaly
flakey discoloured skin (initially hyperpigmentation, later hypopigmented areas)
lifeless discoloured hair
apathy when left alone and irritability when picked up
gynaecomastia |
|
|
Term
| vaccine is available for which meningococci groups? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sporadic outbreaks of menigococcal disease in the UK are due to which group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rx for menigococcus contacts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in the UK and worldwide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tuberculin skin test is usually + or _ in miliary TB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can pulmonary sarcoidosis do to a tuberculin test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hookworm is spread by faecal -oral route? |
|
Definition
False
Hookworm is a soil transmitted helminth. The infective L3 larvae
survive in the soil for months. They penetrate intact skin and from there migrate via lymphatics and the bloodstream to the lungs. They then travel up the airways to the larynx and into the gut via the oesophagus. |
|
|
Term
| which form of trypanosomiasis is more rapid? |
|
Definition
rhodience
also the chancre is more prominent |
|
|
Term
which of the following are not zoonitic disease
leprosy
cholera
turalaemia
leptospirosis
salmonellosis |
|
Definition
leprosy and cholera
armadillo is the only other host for leprosy |
|
|
Term
quinine is schizontcidal to all 4 types of malaria.
what does it not affect? |
|
Definition
| The mature gametocytes of P.falciparum and the hypnozoites of P.ovale and P.vivax |
|
|
Term
which condition is erythema induratum found in?
AKA |
|
Definition
Cutaneous TB tuberculosis.
AKA Bazin's disease. |
|
|
Term
| how to treat HIV associated kaposi sarcoma? |
|
Definition
cutaneous and lymph node KS responds to XRT
Systemic KS responds to chemotherapy |
|
|
Term
| low gastric pH protects against cholera infection? |
|
Definition
true
organism destroyed by gastric acid |
|
|
Term
| what effect does cholera toxin have on intracelluar cAMP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is hypoglycaemia a recognised complication in cholera? |
|
Definition
yes
also shock, hypothermia, hypokalaemia, coma, vomiting and aspiration pneumonia. |
|
|
Term
| chloroquine, mefloquine and ciprofloaxacin use in epileptics? |
|
Definition
| caution or contraindicated |
|
|
Term
| hep c rx. which genotype responds less well to interferon therapy? |
|
Definition
| Genotype 1 responds less well than types 2 and 3 to interferon therapy |
|
|
Term
T or F Coagulopathy is a recognised complication of
epidemic typhus
relapsing fever
pneumococcal septicaemia
envenomation by Latrodectus spiders (black widow spiders)
envenomation by Physalia physalis (Portuguese-man-of-war) |
|
Definition
first 3 are true. Haemorrhagic rash is a characteristic feature of both epidemic typhus and relapsing fever. DIC is a potential complication of septicaemia.
last two are false |
|
|
Term
T or F
cryptococcal meningitis is more common than cryptococal pneumonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ketoconzaole. does it cross the bbb? |
|
Definition
nope. it cannot be used to rx cryptococcus meningitis.
rx: amphotericin B and flucytosine |
|
|
Term
| The dengue virus is a single-stranded RNA virus, a flavivirus related to yellow fever virus. how many serotypes are there? |
|
Definition
There are four serotypes.
The clinical presentation may be :
1. non-specific fever
2. Dengue fever syndrome characterised by severe myalgia
3. Dengue haemorrhagic fever / Dengue septic shock. This life-threathening form is more common in those previously infected. There is increased antibody production and DIC. |
|
|
Term
| Poliomyelitis is an anterior horn cell disease and characteristically causes ........ paralysis, often of a single limb. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes of spastic paraparesis |
|
Definition
streptoccocus pyogenes (spinal abscess formation can occur)
TB (potts disease)
schistosomiasis, cysticercosis and HTLV-1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cysts in the stool.
duodenal biopsy
microscopy of duodenal aspirate
enzyme immunoassay for Giardia in stools |
|
|
Term
parasites and their vectors
Borrelia duttoni (relapsing fever) pairs with |
|
Definition
| soft tick (Ornithodorus moubata) |
|
|
Term
parasites and their vectors
Rickettsia tsutsugamushi pairs with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
murine typhus caused by R. mooseri
vector? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| onchocerciasis spread by which vector? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can rose spots appear in typhoid and paratypoid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F brucellosis
Brucellosis
is caused by a Gram positive bacillus
causes spondylitis
is treated with tetracycline
is a recognised cause if chronic depression
is contracted from unpasteurised milk |
|
Definition
caused by gram - baccilli
the rest are true |
|
|
Term
commonest cause of travellers diarrhoea?
rx? |
|
Definition
enterotoxigenic E.coli
rx? cipro - reduces duration of diarrhoea |
|
|
Term
| causative agents in travellers diarrhoe |
|
Definition
enterotoxigenic E.coli (c.40% of cases)
Shigella
enteroinvasive E.coli
Campylobacter jejuni
Salmonella
Plesiomonas
Aeromonas
protozoa
viruses
no pathogen found (20% of cases) |
|
|
Term
| erythema marginatum found in which diseasE? |
|
Definition
rheumatic fever
not infective endocarditis |
|
|
Term
| which plasmodium infection is a/w tropical splenomegaly syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spastic paraparesis and t cell leukeamia/lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| in which forms of leprosy will the lepromin test be positive? |
|
Definition
tuberculoid and brderline tuberculoid.
In lepromatous leprosy the skin test will be negative |
|
|
Term
| Saddle-nose deformity occurs in .. |
|
Definition
congenital syphilis
lepromatous leprosy
relapsing polychondritis
Wegeners |
|
|
Term
| caLabar swellings in which condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
choloriquine
safe in pregnancy?
rx of choice for which malaria?
MOA
Note it does not cause cichonism |
|
Definition
yes safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding
rx of choice for non falciparum malaria
inhibits plamsodial haemin polymerase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Organisms producing diarrhoea via toxins do not usually cause fever:
name 3 |
|
Definition
V.cholera
Bacillus cereus
Clostridium perfringens |
|
|
Term
Chicken pox
incubation period?
koplics spots or rash first?
aciclovir as rx?
can be caught from someone with shingles?
when does fever settle? |
|
Definition
11-20 days usually 2/52
koplics spots before rash
supportive rx
yes can be caught from shingles
fever lasts a week and settles as last crops appear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2-6 weeks incubation
rna virus
milder disease in children
infectious 2/52 b4 jaundice and 1 week after. most infectious before onset of jaundice |
|
|
Term
describe tropical splenomegaly syndrome
aka hyper-reactive malarial syndrome |
|
Definition
massive splenomegaly
high malarial titres but no parasiteamia
increased IgM
lymphocytic infiltration of hepatic sinusoids
rx: prolonged anti malaria chemoprophylaxis |
|
|
Term
| what causes visceral leishmaniasis? |
|
Definition
L donovani (indian subcontinent)
L chagasi (south america)
L infantum (meditteranean) |
|
|
Term
| perinatal administration of which ART helps reduce vertical transmission? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
painless
undermined. often satellite lesions
caused by mycobacterium ulcerans
rx by topical antiseptics and clofazimine or rifampicin
mode of spread is unknowna |
|
|
Term
| rabies vaccines should be given how often to all domestic animals in at risk areas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glandular fever
chronic fatigue syndrome
oral hairy leukoplakia (in HIV infected patients)
nasopharyngeal carcinoma
leiomyosarcomas in young people with AIDS
Burkitt's lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| Beta-carotene is found in dark green leafy vegetables, mangoes, papayas, yellow corn, carrot etc. how is beta-carotene converted into vitamin a? |
|
Definition
| Beta-carotene is a pro-vitamin, converted to vitamin A by enzymes in the gut mucosa. |
|
|
Term
| thalidomide is used in the rx of? |
|
Definition
erythema nodosum leprosum
Behcet's disease
HIV-associated mouth ulcers
discoid lupus erythematosus
erythema multiforme
ulcerative colitis
rheumatoid arthritis
chronic graft-versus-host disease |
|
|
Term
| incubation period for yellow fever? |
|
Definition
3-6 days
prevention: mass vaccination and insecticides |
|
|
Term
| in tropical pulmonary eosinophillia there is rapid response to which drug? |
|
Definition
| There is a rapid response to diethylcarbamazine (DEC). |
|
|
Term
| drugs used to rx legionnaires disease |
|
Definition
Erythromycin
azithromycin
rifampicin
ciprofloaxacin |
|
|
Term
T/F
The paralysis of polio virus infection
is upper motor neurone type
is asymmetrical
usually affects the lower limbs more severely than the upper limbs
is more severe if strenuous physical exercise occurred in the incubation period
may be caused by polio vaccination |
|
Definition
False - anterior horn cell
rest is true |
|
|
Term
why is cholera hisotology normal?
incubation period |
|
Definition
the diarrhoea is caused by bacterial toxin.
incubation 1-5 days |
|
|
Term
| onchocerciasis spread by siMULIAN FLY. fEATURES |
|
Definition
Clinical features:
pruritus
depigmentation
"hanging groin"
keratitis
Retinal changes
Treatment: Ivermectin |
|
|
Term
| The combination of fever, diarrhoea and eosinophilia is suggestive of ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The WHO EPI schedule for developing countries: |
|
Definition
BCG at birth
oral polio at birth, 6 weeks, 10 weeks, 14 weeks
Hepatitis B at birth, 6 weeks, 9 months
diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus (DPT) at 6, 10, and 14 weeks
measles at 9 months |
|
|
Term
| most sensitive test for chronic chagas? |
|
Definition
| serological test for Ab to T cruzi |
|
|
Term
| difference in sensation between tuberculous and lepromatous leprosy |
|
Definition
tuberculous lesion has aneasthesia
lepromatous lesions usually have normal sesnsation |
|
|
Term
| fever, pharyngitis, retrosternal pain, protein uria, conjuctival suffusion, bleeding easily and contact with rats indicates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the stabilisation phase of malnutrition. To restart metabolic process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the transition phase/rehabilitation phase of feeding the malnourished pt |
|
|
Term
| where in the human body does truchiris trichiura live? |
|
Definition
| caecum and ascending colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which microfilarial worm has a rounded tail? |
|
Definition
mansonella perstans
end of tail is rounded with large nucleus at the tip
No sheath |
|
|
Term
sheath bright pink with giemsa is Brugia malayi
sheath what colour with giemsa in B timori? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
malaria 1st trimester pregnancy
rx? |
|
Definition
| quinine and clindamycin 7/7 |
|
|
Term
radical cure of hypnozoites for P vivax and ovale
safe in pregnancy? |
|
Definition
Primaquine. C/I in pregnancy
P vivax 30mg 14/7
P ovale 15mg 14/7
check G6PD status |
|
|
Term
| Borrelia recurentis causes... |
|
Definition
louse borne relapsing fever
transmitted by pediculus humanus humanus |
|
|
Term
what spreads louse bourne reflasping fever
what spreads tick bourne relapsing fever? |
|
Definition
pediculus humanus humanus for louse borne
ornithodorus sp (soft ticks) for tick borne relapsing fever |
|
|
Term
criteria for admitting children with malnutrition for urgent hospital treatment?
age group 6m to 59m |
|
Definition
| MUAC < 115 mm plus any degree of bilateral pitting oedema |
|
|
Term
| what is HAZ used to asses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define severe acute malnutrition |
|
Definition
WHZ below -3
signs of visible wasting
bilateral pitting oedema (of feet)
MUAC <115mm |
|
|
Term
| 3 Stages of treating cryptococcus menigitis |
|
Definition
induction: amphtericin and flucytosine 2/52
consolidation: fluconazole 400-800 daily 8/52
Maintenance 200mg daily until immune reconstitution |
|
|
Term
| in 2018 the number of people diagnosed with HIV was? |
|
Definition
1.7 million
37.9 million people living with HIV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dolutegravir in combination with a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor e.g zidovudine |
|
|
