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Review for ILS
253
Science
Not Applicable
06/03/2005

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Term
Hydrosphere
Definition
the Earth's water layer
Term
Lithosphere
Definition
the Earth's rock layer
Term
Atmosphere
Definition
the Earth's air layer
Term
Weathering
Definition
breakdown of matierial
Term
erosion
Definition
carrying material away
Term
Physical weathering
Definition
to break down and keep the same substance ex: root action
Term
Chemical weathering
Definition
to break down and get a new substance ex: rust
Term
forces of erosion
Definition
gravity, wind, water, glaciers
Term
What causes sediments to be round?
Definition
wind and water
Term
What causes sediments to be angular?
Definition
glaciers
Term
Where are Earthquakes, volcanoes, and faults found?
Definition
near plate boundries
Term
faults
Definition
crack in the Earth's crust
Term
P waves
Definition
primary waves that go through solids and liquids
Term
S waves
Definition
secondary waves that only go through solids
Term
L waves
Definition
longitudinal waves that run through the Earth's surface
Term
What waves do Earthquakes produce?
Definition
P, S, and L
Term
Crust
Definition
outer layer of the Earth's surface
Term
Ocean crust
Definition
thinner than the continental crust
Term
mantle
Definition
Earth's second layer
Term
Magma
Definition
moves in currents and causes the tectonic plates to move
Term
Outer core
Definition
Earth's third layer and is liquid
Term
Inner core
Definition
Earth's fourth layer and is solid
Term
What is the Earth's interior determined by?
Definition
P and S waves
Term
Pangaea
Definition
one "super continent" made up of all the continents
Term
seafloor spreading
Definition
caused by the magma in the mantle rising through cracks in the ocean floor
Term
How do you prove the theory that seafloor spreading is true?
Definition
the age of the rocks with their relationship to the distance of the crack
Term
Weather
Definition
daily conditions of the atmosphere
Term
Climate
Definition
the yearly average of the daily weather
Term
Layers of the atmosphere
Definition
tropsphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere
Term
Only layer of the atmosphere that has water.
Definition
troposphere
Term
% of gases in the atmosphere
Definition
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% other
Term
thermometer
Definition
instrument used to measure air temperature
Term
barometer
Definition
instrument used to measure air pressure
Term
Humidity
Definition
the moisture in the air
Term
hydrometer or psychrometer
Definition
measures the amount of moisture in the air
Term
What causes wind?
Definition
uneven heating of the Earth's surface
Term
anemometer
Definition
measures the wind speed
Term
wind vane
Definition
measures wind direction
Term
How is wind named?
Definition
the direction which it came from
Term
Three cloud types
Definition
cumluus, stratus, and cirrus
Term
types of precipitation
Definition
rain, hail, snow, and sleet
Term
rain gauge
Definition
instrument used to measure rain
Term
Insolation
Definition
stands for incoming solar radiation
Term
What causes the different angles of insolation?
Definition
the Earth's round shape
Term
Coriolis effect
Definition
deflection or turning of the wind and ocean currents caused by the Earth's rotation
Term
The water cycle
Definition
evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and transpiration
Term
What affects climate?
Definition
latitude, bodies of water, and mountains
Term
Windard side of a mountain
Definition
the side that is near the body of water and receives the wind and clouds.
Term
Leeward side of the mountain
Definition
has very little wind and is a drier climate
Term
Where does an air mass get its characteristics from?
Definition
from the area it is formed over
Term
four main air mass conditions
Definition
polar, tropical, continental, maritime
Term
What type of weather conditions do high pressure systems bring?
Definition
dry weather and clear skies
Term
What type of weather conditions do low pressure systems bring?
Definition
cloudy and damp
Term
Cold front
Definition
cold mass pushes a warm mass
Term
Warm front
Definition
warm mass pushes a cold mass
Term
Where is precipitation found?
Definition
along fronts
Term
Isotherms
Definition
connects points of equal temperatures
Term
Isobars
Definition
connects points of equal air pressure
Term
Pollutants
Definition
harmful substances that cause pollution
Term
Greenhouse effect
Definition
trapped CO2 in the atmosphere increasing global warming
Term
Rotation
Definition
to spin on an axis
Term
Earth's rotation rate
Definition
15 degrees per hour = 24 hours
Term
What causes the apparent motion of the sun and length of day?
Definition
Earth's rotation
Term
Revolution
Definition
to orbit around the Sun
Term
Earth's revolution rate
Definition
1 degree per day = 365 days
Term
What happens when the Earth is closer to the sun?
Definition
we travel faster and the pull of gravity is stronger
Term
Three reasons for seasons
Definition
tilt, revolution, and the parallelism of the axis
Term
Winter solstice
Definition
December 21st, 9 hours of light, sun strikes the Tropic of Capricorn - 23.5 degrees south - and we are perihelion (close to the sun)
Term
Summer solstice
Definition
June 21st, 15 hours of light, sun strikes the Tropic of Cancer - 23.5 degrees North, we are in aphelion (far from the sun)
Term
Equinoxes
Definition
fall - March 21st, Spring - September 23, 12 hours of light, Sun strikes the Equator
Term
How does the Sun effect your shadow?
Definition
the lower the angle of the sun, the longer your shadow. Low angles occur in the winter and at sunrise and sunset. High angle occur in the summer and at noon.
Term
Heliocentric model
Definition
Sun is in the center
Term
Geocentric
Definition
Earth is in the center
Term
What helps prove the Earth rotates?
Definition
Constellations and the Sun
Term
My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas.
Definition
anagram to remember the planets of our solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
Term
Asteroid belt
Definition
separates the solid planets from the gaseous planets (Mars and Jupiter)
Term
What is the correalation between the revloution and distance from the sun?
Definition
The further away from the sun, the longer the revolution
Term
29 1/2 days for revolution and rotation
Definition
Moon rotates and revolves at the same rate
Term
Phases of the moon
Definition
new, crescent, half, gibbous, full
Term
Eclipse
Definition
Earth, moon, and Sun line up
Term
Lunar Eclipse
Definition
moon passes through the Earth's shadow
Term
Solar Eclipse
Definition
Moon casts its shadow on the Earth
Term
What causes the Earth's tides?
Definition
the moon's gravitational pull and they are cyclical
Term
meteoroid
Definition
a rock in space
Term
Meteorite
Definition
a meteor that passes through the Earth's atmosphere
Term
P -> SS -> G -> U
Definition
Planet -> Solar System -> Galaxy -> Universe
Term
Light Year
Definition
the distance light travels in one year
Term
What determines the color of a star?
Definition
The tempertaure: red is cool, blue is hot
Term
What is the main fuel of the sun?
Definition
Hydrogen
Term
Life cycle of a star
Definition
star -> stable star -> compact star -> red giant -> nova -> white dwarf
Term
What are all rocks composed of?
Definition
minerals
Term
How are physical properties of minerals tested by?
Definition
streak, hardness, luster, cleavage, and color
Term
How are Chemical properties of minerals tested?
Definition
the acid test
Term
What determines the minerals properties?
Definition
the internal arrangement of atoms
Term
Magma
Definition
hot liquid rock below the Earth''s surface
Term
Lava
Definition
hot liquid rock above the Earth's surface
Term
Igneous rock
Definition
made by cooling magma...if cooled slowly, crystals will form, if cool rapidly, no crystals will form
Term
How are sedimentary rocks made?
Definition
the compression and cementation of sediments
Term
What is the only type of rock that fossils are found in?
Definition
sedimentary
Term
Metamorphic rocks
Definition
any rocks that are exposed to magma again causing heat and pressure
Term
What are the key characteristics of metamorphic rocks?
Definition
banding or lining up of mineral layers, sometimes causing folding
Term
What are the rules for sequencing the history of rock layers?
Definition
layers form horizontally, if not overturned, the oldest is on the bottom and the youngest is on top. A wavy line indicates erosion the black hair like lines means magma made contact
Term
Latitude lines
Definition
run north and south and never meet
Term
Longitude lines
Definition
run East and West and meet at the poles. They also separate time zones which equal 15 degrees per hour
Term
Contour lines
Definition
connect equal points of elevation
Term
What is the correlation between elevation and air pressure?
Definition
as you increase elevation or attitude, air pressure decreases
Term
What is the basic unit of living things?
Definition
Cells -> tissues -> organs -> systems -> organisms
Term
What are the life processes that all all organisms must carry out?
Definition
nutrition, transport, respiration, excretion, regualtion, reproduction, and growth
Term
What organelles do all cells have?
Definition
nucleus (brain) - control activies, mitochondria (lungs)- respiration, vacuole (bladder)-stores, cell membrane (skin) controls what gets in and out of cell, cytoplasm (blood) transport, ribosomes - makes protein
Term
What organells do only plant cells have?
Definition
cell wall - supports and must contain chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
Term
What processes does nutrition consists of?
Definition
ingestion, digestion, and egestion
Term
What nutrients are the vital nutrients and what do they do?
Definition
proteins - growth and repair, carbohydrates - quick energy, fats and oils - stores energy, vitamins and minerals - assists in the life processes
Term
What is the main source of energy for plants, animals, and humans?
Definition
the sun
Term
three types of asexual reproduction
Definition
binary fission, budding, and regeneration
Term
metamorphosis
Definition
the life cycle of organisms such as frogs, flies, butterflies, and humans
Term
compound microscopes
Definition
uses two lenses to view small objects. eye piece X objective lens = total magnification
Term
What is used to see clear objects in a microscope?
Definition
stain
Term
What are the three behavioral adaptations?
Definition
migration, hibernation, and dormancy
Term
Physical adaptations
Definition
enable living organisms to survive. ex. birds having hollow bones or owls seeing at night
Term
Two examples of organisms adapting to their environoment?
Definition
a polar bear's white fur or a cactus waxy skin
Term
What can cause an organism to become endangered or extinct?
Definition
a change in the environment
Term
Ecosystem
Definition
where living and non-living organisms interact. species -> population -> community -> ecosystem
Term
Where do organisms get energy?
Definition
from the food they eat
Term
consumers
Definition
eat producers
Term
herbivore
Definition
eats plants
Term
Carnivore
Definition
eats meat or animals
Term
omnivore
Definition
eats both plants and animals or meat
Term
food web
Definition
more than one food chain
Term
food pyramid
Definition
shows energy being passed with plants/most energy on the bottom
Term
three symbiotic relationships
Definition
mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism
Term
ecological succession
Definition
when one community is replaced with another until climax community is achieved
Term
renewable resource
Definition
recycled - water, solar, wind, and soil
Term
non-renewable resource
Definition
not recycled, fossil fuels, COG
Term
How are living things classified?
Definition
based upon their properties
Term
King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain
Definition
Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genius -> Species (the further you go down the groups, the more they have in common)
Term
two types of cell division
Definition
asexual and sexual reproduction
Term
mitosis
Definition
cell division with same number of chromosomes
Term
meiosis
Definition
cell division with half the number of chromosomes
Term
zygote
Definition
sperm + egg through fertilization
Term
embryo
Definition
zygote becomes embryo through cleavage and differentiation
Term
female parts of a flower
Definition
pistal-> stigma + style + ovary - egg
Term
male parts of a flower
Definition
stamen -> anther + filament and pollen - sperm
Term
Pollination
Definition
when pollen fertilizes the egg
Term
self-pollination
Definition
flower has both male and female parts - self pollinates
Term
cross-pollination
Definition
flower pollinates another flower
Term
seed dispersal
Definition
seeds spread by wind, animal and explotion
Term
Germination
Definition
seeds start to grow
Term
What determines a trait?
Definition
genetic material on your genes
Term
dominate trait
Definition
one that is showing - ruling
Term
Recessive trait
Definition
not showing
Term
Punnet square
Definition
probability
Term
Pure
Definition
same TT or tt
Term
Hybrid
Definition
Tt
Term
What does evolution cause?
Definition
great variety of living things
Term
What are examples of evolution?
Definition
natural selection, genetic engineering, mutations, genetic diseases
Term
Cloning
Definition
the process of removing the nucleus of an egg and replacing it with the nucleus of a mother's skin cell and incerting it back in the uterus
Term
What supports the body?
Definition
the skeletal system
Term
What does the skeletal system consist of?
Definition
bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments (bone to bone) and tendons (bone to muscle)
Term
Muscular System
Definition
moves body parts and organs
Term
Voluntary muscles
Definition
you control (walking)
Term
Involuntary muscles
Definition
muscle that you do not control (heart beating)
Term
Nervous system
Definition
controls body activities
Term
What makes up the nervous system?
Definition
brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs
Term
neurons
Definition
nerve cells
Term
two types of neurons
Definition
sensory and motor
Term
Endocrine system
Definition
regulates body activities with hormaones secreted by glands
Term
Digestive system
Definition
breaks down food, it contains the digestive tract and accesory organs - pancreas, gall bladder, and liver
Term
two types of digestion
Definition
physical and mechanical
Term
5 digestive juices
Definition
salivia (mouth), gastric juice (stomach), intestinal juice (small intestines), pancreatic juice (pancreas), and bile (liver)
Term
Circulatory system
Definition
transports things through the blood. Consists of heart and blood vessels
Term
arteries
Definition
carries blood away from heart
Term
veins
Definition
carry blood to heart
Term
cappilaries
Definition
connect arteries to veins and is the place where gas is exchanged
Term
path of blood
Definition
lungs -> left atrium -> valve -> left ventricle -> rest of body -> right atrium -> valve -> right ventricle -> lungs
Term
role of respiratory system
Definition
exchanges gases with environment
Term
Excretory system
Definition
removes waste from body... contains: lungs, skin, kidneys (makes urine) and liver (makes urea)
Term
Reproductive system
Definition
produces offspring
Term
testes
Definition
makes sperm and testosterone
Term
ovaries
Definition
makes eggs and estrogen
Term
fertilization
Definition
takes place in the oviduct, dropped to the uterus for development into an embryo
Term
matter
Definition
anything that has mass and takes up space
Term
mass
Definition
the amount of matter in an object
Term
volume
Definition
the amount of space an obect takes up
Term
4 phases of matter
Definition
solid, liquid, gas, and plasma
Term
phase changes
Definition
melting and evaportaion (where it gains heat) condensation and freezing (where it loses heat)
Term
elements
Definition
the basic building blocks of matter
Term
atom
Definition
the smallest paticle of an element
Term
compound
Definition
two or more elements each element in a compound gets a capital letter ex. H2O
Term
parts of atom
Definition
protons (+), electrons (-), neutrons (no charge)
Term
Where are protons, neutrons, and electrons found?
Definition
protons and neutrons in the nucleus...electrons outside the nucleus moving around
Term
periodic chart
Definition
palce wehre elements are organized by their properties
Term
How are the elements organized on the periodic chart?
Definition
metals on the left, non-metals on the right separated by a "staircase" of metalloids, noble gases are at the end
Term
molecule
Definition
smallest part of a compound
Term
What are the two ways a compound is bonded together?
Definition
ionic and covalent bonds
Term
mixtures
Definition
two or more substances are put together and do not make a new substance ex. salt water
Term
solution
Definition
an undisturbed mixture. The two parts of the mixture or solute (gets dissolved) and solvent (does disolve).
Term
density
Definition
mass divided by volume
Term
density of water
Definition
1 g/cm3
Term
bouyancy
Definition
if an object has a density of more than 1 it will sink if it has a density of less than 1 it will float (bouyancy)
Term
physical changes
Definition
changes that alter the size and shape of an object but remains the same object
Term
chemical changes
Definition
change that creates a new substance
Term
reactants
Definition
starting materials in a chemical equation found on the left side of the equation
Term
products
Definition
final materials on the chemical equation found on the right side
Term
Law of Conservation of matter
Definition
matter cannot be created nor destroyed only altered from one form to another
Term
a force
Definition
a push or pull
Term
weight
Definition
the amount of gravitaional pull on an object
Term
3 ways to describe the motion of an object
Definition
speed (distance/time), velocity (distance/time with direction), and acceleration (final velocity - starting velocity/time)
Term
Newton's Law of Motion
Definition
1 an object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion unless an outside force acts upon the object (inertia) 2 Acceleration= force/mass or force=massXacceleration 3 for every action there is an equal or opposite reaction.
Term
equation for work
Definition
Work=force X distance
Term
What type of energy does a machine transfer?
Definition
mechanical energy
Term
resistance
Definition
the force an object must overcome
Term
effort
Definition
the force applied
Term
fulcrum
Definition
pivot point
Term
six simple machines
Definition
lever, pulley, wheel and axle, screw, wedge, and inclined plane
Term
What reduces the efficiency of a machine?
Definition
friction
Term
energy
Definition
the ablility to do work
Term
potential energy
Definition
stored energy
Term
kinetic energy
Definition
energy in motion
Term
five forms of energy
Definition
chemical. nuclear, heat, electric, and light
Term
the law of conservation of energy
Definition
energy can not be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another
Term
How does light and sound travel?
Definition
through waves
Term
wavelength
Definition
the distance from crest (top) to crest or trough (bottom) to trough
Term
amplitude
Definition
the height of a wave
Term
frequency
Definition
the number of waved that pass through a given point in a certain time
Term
three types of waves
Definition
transverse, longitudinal, and compression
Term
What happens when molecules vibrate?
Definition
heat is produced
Term
What happens when more heat is added to molecules?
Definition
they move faster, and they expand
Term
What happens when heat is taken away?
Definition
molecules slow down and contract
Term
How does heat travel?
Definition
from warm (high Ke) to cold (low Ke)
Term
three ways heat moves
Definition
radiation (space, convection) fluid (liquid or gas) and conduction (solid)
Term
law of magnetic poles
Definition
like poles will repel and unlike ploes will attract...the closer the distance, the stronger the pull
Term
laws of electric attraction and repulsion
Definition
items with like charges repel each other and items with unlike charges attract each other
Term
How is electricity produced?
Definition
by the flow of electrons from one point to another
Term
conductors
Definition
allow electricity to flow through
Term
insulators
Definition
do not allow the flow of electricity to flow through them
Term
two types of electronic circuits
Definition
series circuit - single path
parallel circuit - two or more paths
Term
How is sound produced?
Definition
by vibrating an object
Term
How does the density of a substance effect sound?
Definition
the denser the object the faster it moves, sound travels fastest through solids
Term
a visible from of energy
Definition
light
Term
rays
Definition
path of light
Term
reflected
Definition
bounced off
Term
absorbed
Definition
taken in and transferred
Term
transmitted
Definition
go right through
Term
What absorbs more light?
Definition
dark colors and rough surfaces
Term
concave lens
Definition
curves inward
Term
convex lens
Definition
curved outward
Term
electromagnetic spectrum
Definition
shows frequency and wavelengths of light waves
Term
What is the relation between length of wavelength and harmfulness?
Definition
the longer the wavelength, the less harmful it is
Term
calorie
Definition
the unit for measuring the energy in food and fuel
Term
watt
Definition
the rate at which energy is used over a period of time
Term
hydroelectric energy
Definition
electricity produced by the power of flowing water Niagra falls
Term
Nuclear energy
Definition
energy stored in the nucleus of an atom
Term
problems with fossil fuels
Definition
pollution, acid rain, lung disease, oil spills, and the greenhouse effect
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