Term
| upper motor neurons are... |
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Definition
| cortical neurons that innervate lower motor neurons |
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Term
| The axons of upper motor neurons are contained in the _____ system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| directly innervation skeletal mm |
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Term
| the pyramidal system is made up of ... |
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Definition
| the corticobulbar, the corticospinal and the corticopontine tracts |
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Term
| the corticospinal tract connects to ______ and controls... |
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Definition
| spinal nerves, movements of the arms and legs |
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Term
| the corticobulbar tract connects to the _____ and controls... |
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Definition
| cranial nerves, movements of the head and neck |
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Term
| the corticospinal tract travels from the _________ through the ________ and at the _________ the corticospinal tracts __________ to the ______________. From there they connect with __________ of the ______________. |
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Definition
| motor cortex, internal capsule, medulla, decussates, contralateral side, lower motor neurons, contralateral side of the body |
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Term
| the left corticospinal tract innervates the arm and leg of the ____ side of the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| a stroke or lesion involving all of the corticospinal fibers of a hemisphere above the level of deccusation produces... |
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Definition
| weakness of the contralateral arm and leg (hemiparesis) |
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Term
| a stroke or lesion involving the corticospinal fibers below the level of deccusation produces... |
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Definition
| weakness of the ipsilateral arm and leg |
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Term
| • Usually a unilateral lesion of the corticobulbar tract does not produce any clinically significant weakness in the face and neck muscles. There are two important exceptions to this rule: |
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Definition
1. Cranial nerve VII (Facial) the muscles of the lower face receive mainly crossed input from the corticobulbar tract. A stroke or lesion of the left corticobulbar tract or internal capsule results in right facial weakness. The weakness would be below the forehead and would involve the eyelid, and lips.
2. Cranial nerve XII (Hypoglossal) The genioglussus muscle mainly receives crossed input from the corticobulbar tract. A stroke or lesion of the left corticobulbar tract or internal capsule results in deviation of the tongue to the right on protrusion. |
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Term
| A stroke or lesion of the left corticobulbar tract or internal capsule results in ... |
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Definition
| right facial weakness. The weakness will be below the forehead and would involve the eyelid and lips. Deviation of the tongue to the right on protrusion. |
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Term
| If a person had a lesion to the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts of the left hemisphere the result would be: |
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Definition
1. Right hemiparesis/paralysis
2. Right facial weakness
3. Deviation of the tongue to the right (this may be transient) |
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