Term
| What's the difference between ischemia and hypoxia? |
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Definition
| Ischemia is no O2 and nutrients and the buildup of waste due to interruption of blood flow. Hypoxia is just the lack of O2. |
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Term
| When cells are injured, calcium will enter the cytoplasm. Where does the calcium come from? |
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Definition
| mitochondria, ER lumen, bound to calcium binding proteins |
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Term
| What enzymes does excess free calcium activate and how are these enzymes damaging? |
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Definition
| phospholipase (damage cell membrane), proteases (damage cytoskeleton), endonucleases (damage DNA), ATPases (further decrease ATP store) |
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Term
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Definition
| mitochondrial permeability transition pore: pores generated in internal membrane, interrupting oxidative phosphorylation. May become permanent |
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Term
| Why do cells swell when they are injured? |
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Definition
| there is decreased ATP so the Na/K pump is unable to keep up. Na enters the cell and brings H20 with it. |
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Term
| Clumping of nuclear chromatin directly results from _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the difference between hypertrophy and cell swelling? |
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Definition
| hypertrophy implies increase in intracellular structures (more protein, more mitochondria, etc.) while cell swelling is just more cytoplasm |
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Term
| Does estrogen stimulation of endometrium result in hyperplasia or hypertrophy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the effect of pregnancy hormones on glandular breast tissue? |
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Definition
| hyperplasia and hypertrophy |
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Term
| What is compensatory hyperplasia? |
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Definition
| when part of an organ is removed (like part of your liver) and the remanding hepatocytes divide and differentiate to return liver to normal size |
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Term
| What is compensatory hypertrophy? |
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Definition
| when tissue is removed and individual cells get bigger to compensate, ex.- if you remove one kidney the other kidney will increase size of glomeruli and tubules |
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Term
| What factor limits how big cardiac myocytes can get? (or how much the heart can hypertrophy?) |
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Definition
| blood supply--can't get bigger than what the coronary vessels can support |
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Term
| Name a common cause of parathyroid hyperplasia. |
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Definition
| chronic renal failure. Kidneys leak calcium, there is decreased serum calcium, parathyroid gland is constantly stimulated to make more PTH |
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Term
| What's the difference between pathologic endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial neoplasia (or cancer)? |
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Definition
| Endometrial hyperplasia is caused by excess hormonal stimulation not by mutations in the DNA of the endometrial cells. Endometrial hyperplasia will pressumably regress if hormones are withdrawn. However, unopposed stimulation resulting in hyperplasia may in some instances predispose cells to neoplasia |
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Term
| Name three factors that can result in hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes. |
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Definition
| mechanical stretch, agonists (like EPI, NE or ANG II), and growth factors |
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Term
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Definition
| a decrease in cell number that occurs via apoptosis (ex. is thymus) |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in cell size, volume, and number |
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Term
| Name 4 causes of pathologic atrophy. |
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Definition
| withdrawal of trophic influence, disuse atrophy, denervation atrophy, ischemic atrophy |
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Term
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Definition
| activated ubiquitin binds to proteins that need to be degraded. Ubiquitin then allows protein to bind to large cytoplasmic proteasomes that digest protein into a.a.s. ubiquitin is then recycled. |
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Term
| What happens to cell organelles and large macromolecules when a cell atrophies? |
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Definition
| surrounded by membrane from ER called autophagic body which fuses with lysosome and organelle/molecule is degraded. membrane bound residual body is left behind with undigestable materials |
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Term
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Definition
| locally produced growth factors or cytokines that "reprogram" stem cells |
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Term
| Intracellular accumulations occur when... |
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Definition
| a normal or abnormal endogenous substance accumulates because of genetic or acquired defect in metabolism, packaging, transport or secretion of the substance |
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Term
| What is Mallory's hyalin? |
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Definition
| damaged cytokeratin filaments in hepatocytes that clump together in an irregular mass. Damage is caused by EtOH |
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Term
| Why does malnutrition give you a fatty liver? |
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Definition
| there is a reduced apoportein availability, impaired export of triglyceride via lipoproteins and therefore triglyceride accumulation in the hepatocyte |
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Term
| Fat accumulation usually begins as multiple small droplets of lipids called __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two diseases characterized by microvesicular fat only (no macrovesicular fat) |
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Definition
| Reyes syndrome and acute fatty liver of pregnancy |
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