cortex (nephrons) - medulla, collecting duct pyramids - apex of pyramid/ renal papilla - minor calyx - major calyx - renal pelvis - ureter

cortex has nephrons/tubules

medulla has collecting ducts (renal pyramids)

[image]

impulse carried by afferent neuron (sensory) -> dorsal root -> posterior horn -> interneuron -> efferent cell body in anterior (lateral) horn -> ventral root -> body

somatic efferent/afferent 1,2

[image]

sensory impluse -> dorsal root -> spinal cord -> cell body of preganglionic neuron -> ventral root -> white rami -> sympathetic ganglion then, if heads straight to organ sympathetic ganglion -> gray rami -> anterior/posterior rami -> body

sympathetic efferent 3,4,5

[image]

CB around Xiphoid (T7)

CB around umbilicus (T10)

CB just above pubic bone T12

CB just above inguinal region (L1)

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parasympathetic nerves

origin of pre-parasympathetic neurons?

cranio-sacral:

cranial derived, come off spinal cord

in sacral region

vagus CNX, pelvic splancnic (S2-S4)

iliohypgastric

ilioinguinal

vert location?

location?

finish where?

both L1, cross quadratus lumborum.

iliohypogastric superior to ilioinguinal

 end up as superficial nerves on abdominal wall

genitofemoral

vert location?

location

what reflex a part of?

L1-L2

on top of Psoas muscle

both sensory/motor components

femoral part -> cutaneous over femoral triangle

genito part -> innervs cretmaster muscle

*part of cremaster reflex

lateral femoral cutaneous

location, end point?

associated syndrome?

crosses across illiacus muscle, under inguinal ligament, ends on anterior lateral part of thigh (sensory)

myalgia parenthetica

-tight, low pants compress nerve causing parestheia over lateral anterior thigh

femoral nerve

vet location?

location?

L2-L4

between illiacus and psoas muscles

Obturator

vert location?

location

L2-L4

medial to psoas

lumbosacral trunk

(lumbar plexus)

vert location

L4-L5

from spinal hole to pelvis

connects lumbar plexus to sacral plexus

sympathetic thoracolumbar region

what (nerves)?

what through what?

includes what chains?

where preganglionic ganglia reside.

T1-L2

sympathetic, thoracic splanchnic, lumbar splanchnic

autonomic aortic plexus

what means?

sympathetic/parasympathetic neurons running in it

ganglia = postganglionic sympathetic masses

[image]

celiac plexus

components

also called

2 celiac ganglia, 1 superior mesenteric ganglion

solar plexus

greater splanchnic nerves

path

from posterior thorax, through diaphragm

greater splan = preganglionic symathetic nerve heading to synpase at post ganglionic sympathetic neurons at celiac ganglion

lesser/least splanchnic nerves

path

nerves coming off are pre-gangilionic sympathetic looking for post ganglionic neurons to synapse with

*post ganglionic nerves are those that actually cause reponses.

intermediallateral cell column: where sympathetics cell bodies are located T1-L2

impluse from column heads to sympathetic ganglia and can do 1 of 4 things

-synapse to postganglionic neuron ->grey -> spinal nerve going out(venral primary ramus, in this case) to some muscle/organ

-move to superior ganglion in chain

- move to ganglion below

-synapase with postganglionic neuron in sympathetic gangion and move out into abdomen

-look for a more peripheral post ganglionic sympathetic neuron (eg. greater splanchnic to celiac ganglion) then to a target tissue by way of blood vessel

use somatic nerves to get to where they wanna go

-control sweat, erector pilli muscles, smooth muscles - all sympathetically controlled

blue structure = vagus nerve

preganglionic goes though plexus, does NOT synapse and goes straight to target tissue.

post ganglionic neurons inside the target tissue itself

(parasympaetheic)

post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers are very short,

preganglionic fibers are very long

LENGTH

pre ganglionic sympathetic fibers

post ganglionic sympathetic fibers

pre: short

post: long

post are long becuase they dont lie in target tissue but in ganglionic masses

sympathetic

parasympathetic

sensory

about 2/3rds of the transverse colon

how does the rest of gut get innervated by parasympathetic neurons if vagus only goes 2/3rd of way down transverse colon?

pelvic splanchnic n

S2,3,4 keeps penis off the floo

how does pelvic splanchnic run innervations along gut?

uses superior rectal artery to ascend then spreads to hind gut using other blood vessels of IMA, but not IMA itself

[image]

general function of autonomic in GI track?

sympathetic

parasym

sympathetic: vaso constrictive of gut vessels

parasymp: gland secretion (muscous/digestive juices), peristalsis - digestive processes

visceral afferents

where are cell bodies

what provides sensory information to pareital peritoneum?

where would cell bodies be?

somatic nerves:

lower thoracic (CB at xiphoid T7, CB at umbilicus T10)

upper lumbar (CB atpubic bone T12, CB at inguinal region L1)

dorsal root ganglia

visceral afferents

where are cell bodies?

involve what kind of receptors?

like somatic afferents, have cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia

stretch (visceral stretch) receptors felt as referred pain, according to spinal cord level of sensory cell bodies)

visceral afferents (black)

comign from gut (eg. distended), through sympathetic ganglia -> white rami >spinal nerve >bodies in DRoot then do other stuff.

somatic/visceral afferents both enter at same place, through same root - REFERRED pain with afferents.

referred pain (due to stretch, distention, ischemia)

Hollow tube organs

where is pain referred for:

forgut (stomache - mid DD)

midgut (mid DD to 2/3 Tcolon)

hindgut

kind of pain?

solid organs?

along midline

forgut superior to umbilicus,

midgut at umbilicus

hind at lower abdomen

dull achey pain

solid organs usually will have pain over the organ itself

when will visceral referred pain become localized?

visceral pain is:

somatic pain is:

both can abe referred

dull, achy

poorly localized

the opposite

lymph usually follows vessels.

cisterna chyli

what? where?

gets lymph from where

bag right behind diaphragm where aorta comes in. receives lymph from lower parts of body and drains to thoracic duct

form aortic lymphatic areas

preaorta - lie on top of aorta, drain intestines (particularly unpair arteries)

para-aortic/lumbar - drain deeper structures; two chains

from feet up

para aortic -> pre aortic - cisterna chyli - thoracic duct

development in abdominal cavity, lymph vessels and blood vessels form up there

different from kidney which looses/reestablishes blood supply as develops, the testes pull their blood supply down with them AND LYMPH DRAINAGE

so lymph goes up testicular vessels and wind up in lumbar/para-aortic lymph nodes

then

across intestinal nodes to cisternal chyli

scrotum is an outpocketing of anterior abdominal wall

lymph first to inguinal nodes (superficial inguinal nodes) then to deep ones > follow iliac vessels and end in lumbar/para aortic nodes

pleuroperitoneal mem mesentary of esophagus thoracic wall covering septum transversum

[image]

septum transversum (part of diaphram formation)

ends up becoming whaat of diaphram?

forms into what outside diaphragm?

in diaphragm: central tendon (attaches to xiphoid) houses the hiatus of IVC

outside diaphram: ventral mesentary of foregut (becomes lesser omentum)

IVC in central tendon

esophageal hiatus

aortic hiatus (formed byt cruras)

foramen of morgagni (hernia /sternal slip)

foramen of bochdalek (lumbocostal trigone)

[image]

morgagni: hernia close to sternum (anterior)

bochdalek: hernia at lumbar/costal trigone (poserior)

[image]

develops from two buds:

dorsal and ventral (from liver bud)

grow more dorsal than ventral. dorsal then rotates towards posteriorly to join dorsal bud.