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Retrograde Urography
Urinary System
41
Other
Graduate
05/16/2011

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Term
Retrograde urography differs from excretory urography in that the contrast medium is injected directly into the kidney by means of a percutaneous injection throught the skin.
Definition
False-Contrast agents are into a selected renal pelvis by means of catheters that pass through the urethra, the bladder, and the ureter to the selected kidney.
Term
Retrograde urography is performed on a regular x-ray table. T or F?
Definition
False- special cystoscopic-radiographic tables are used for Retrograde urography.
Term
At the beginning of the retrograde urographic examination, the patient should be placed in the modified___________ position.
Definition
lithotomy
Term
Which IR size should be used for urograms of the typical adult?
Definition
35 X 43 cm
Term
Who should inject the contrast medium?
Definition
Urologist
Term
Describe how a kidney function test can be performed during retrograde urography.
Definition
The urologist intravenously injects a colored dye, and the function of each kidney is determined by the time required for the dye substance to appear in the urine as it passes through the respected catheter.
Term
List the 3 AP projection radiographs that usually comprise a retrograde urographic examination.
Definition
A preliminary radiograph showing catheter insertion, a pyelogram, and a ureterogram
Term
Why might the head of the x-ray table be lowered 10 to 15 degrees during the retrograde pyelography procedure?
Definition
By retarding the excretion of the contrast medium from the kidney, the filling of the renal pelvis is enhanced.
Term
Which retrograde urographic radiograph sometimes requires that the head of the table be elevated 35 to 40 degrees?
Definition
Ureterogram
Term
After necessary AP projections are made, which oblique positions are often used for oblique projections?
Definition
RPO and LPO
Term
RETROGRADE CYSTOGRAPHY
Definition
Exercise 2
Term
Describe how contrast medium is introduced into the patient for retrograde cystography.
Definition
By means of catheter passed thru the urethra into the bladder
Term
AP axial or PA axial: FOr the typical adult, which size IR should be used to demonstrate the bladder, and how should it be placed in the IR holder?
Definition
24 X 30cm; lengthwise
Term
Which structures are sometimes better demonstrated with the head of the table lowered 15 to 20 degrees?
Definition
Lower (distal) ends of the ureters.
Term
Why should patients in the supine position extend the lower limbs?
Definition
To enable the lumbar lordotic curve to arch the pelvis enough to tilt the pubic bones inferiorly.
Term
What breathing instruction should be given?
Definition
Suspend breathing after expiration
Term
To demonstrate the bladder during cystography, how many degrees and in which direction should the CR be directed for the AP axial projection?
Definition
10 to 15 degrees caudal
Term
To which level of the patient should the CR enter for the AP axial projection?
Definition
2"(5cm) above the upper border of the pubic symphysis
Term
HOw should the patient be positioned to best demonstrate the prostate?
Definition
Prone
Term
How should the CR be directed to best demonstrate the prostate?
Definition
Cephalically
Term
If minor reflux is present at the bladder, what other structures mos likely will be demonstrated?
Definition
Distal Ureters
Term
How should the pubic bones be demonstrated in the image of the AP axial projection?
Definition
They should be projected below both the bladder neck and the proximal urethra.
Term
For AP oblique projections, in which position should the patient be placed?
Definition
semisupine
Term
How should the patient's uppermost thigh be positioned to prevent it from superimposing the bladder in AP oblique projections?
Definition
Extended and abducted enough to prevent its superimposition on the bladder area.
Term
How many degrees should the patient be rotated for AP oblique projections?
Definition
40 to 60 degrees
Term
2 ways that the central ray can be directed for AP oblique projections.
Definition
Perpendicularly and 10 degrees caudally
Term
with reference to the pubic bones, where should the bladder neck be seen in the AP oblique projection radiograph RPO position?
Definition
Above
Term
Lateral Retrograde Cystography: Which body position should be used for the lateral projection for cystography?
Definition
Lateral recumbent
Term
Where should the IR be centered for the lateral projection?
Definition
2" 5cm above the symphysis pubis
Term
How should the CR be directed?
Definition
Perpendicularly
Term
which imaged structures can determine whether the patient was rotated from the lateral position?
Definition
HIps and femora
Term
Male Cystography
Definition
Exercise 4
Term
The radiographic examination of the urinary bladder and urethra after the introduction of a contrast medium by means of a catheter inserted into the bladder.
Definition
Cystourethrography
Term
Describe how the contrast medium is introduced into the urinary structures of interest:
Definition
a catheter is inserted through the urethral canal into the bladder.
Term
After the contast medium is introduced into the patient, in which two positions can the patient be placed to demonstrate urinary structures?
Definition
RPO and LPO
Term
How many degrees should the patient be rotated for the desired oblique projection?
Definition
35 to 40 degrees
Term
To which level of the patient should the IR be centered?
Definition
superior border of the pubic symphysis
Term
To ensure adequate coverage, the IR should be placed lengthwise: t or f?
Definition
true
Term
To ensure that the entire urethra is filled, the exposure should be made while the physician is injecting the contrast medium.
Definition
True
Term
After the bladder is filled with contrast medium, the voiding film can be exposed with the patient in either a posterior oblique or an upright position.
Definition
true
Term
The radiation field should be large enough to include the entire urinary system on all radiographs.
Definition
False, only the bladder and urethra need to be demonstrated in their entirety.
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