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Respitory Pathology
Respitory Pathology
36
Health Care
Undergraduate 2
02/22/2010

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Cards

Term
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Definition

Pneumomediastinum

Mediastinal emphysema (pneumomediastinum) occurs when there has been a disruption in the esophagus or airway and air is trapped in the mediastinum. It may result from chest trauma, endoscopy, or violent vomiting.

 

Identify by:

The sharp outlining of the hearts anteriour border and increased air in the retrosternal spase.

Term
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Definition

Subcutaneous Emphysema

 

When the pneumomediastinum is extensive, air may pass from the mediastinum into the subcutaneous tissues of the chest or neck, resulting in subcutaneous emphysema. Diagnosis of this may be made by feeling air bubbles in the skin of the chest or the neck.

Term
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Definition

Endotracheal Tube

 

Inserted through the patient's nose or mouth into the trachea.

 

Proper position is below the vocal cords and above the carina.

 

Figure A: Incorrect placement inferior to carina with displacement of the heart shadow.

 

Figure B: Correct Placement

Term
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Definition

Chest Tube

 

Figure shows correct placement of the chest tube in the right lung above the apex.

 

Inserted through the chest wall between the ribs.

 

allows drainage of air (e.g., pneumothorax) or fluid (e.g., pleural effusion or hemothorax) from the thoracic cavity and allows the lungs to inflate to help the patient breathe normally

Term
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Definition

IABDP( Intra Aortic Balloon Pump)

 

Provides mechanical support of the left ventricle.

 

Placed in the decending aorta and below the subclavian artery and above the renal arteries.

Term
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Definition

Central venous pressure (CVP) line

 

inserted via the subclavian vein, but they can also be placed through the jugular vein, antecubital vein, or femoral vein

 

Proper insertion places the tip of the CVP catheter in the distal superior vena cava (SVC) just above the right atrium

Term
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Definition

pulmonary artery catheter (Swan-Ganz catheter)

 

inserted via the subclavian vein, but other injection sites include the antecubital vein, jugular vein, and femoral vein.

 

Inflation of the balloon at the tip of the catheter allows the tube to float into a smaller pulmonary artery capillary.

 

Measures left atrial pressure. It does not enter the heart's left side but is positioned in the pulmonary artery.

 

Look on the left side to distinguish from CVP line

Term
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Definition

Hickman Cathetar/Port-a-cath/CVA (central venous access)

 

inserted via the subclavian vein. (picture inserted through tthe right jugular vein with the tip located within the superior vena cava)

 

Hickman catheters are open to the outside of the body with the tip of the catheter placed in the SVC.

 

Port-a-Cath access devices are placed under the skin, just below the clavicle.

 

Used for chemotherapy patients with poor peripheral venous access, subclavian vein provides ready access to the venous circulation and its blood flow return to the heart.

Term
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Definition

Cystic Fibrosis

 

Note: Increased lung volume resulting from generalized obstructive disease and air trapping, which is characteristic of cystic fibrosis. Also seen are areas of irregular aeration with cystic and nodular densities.

 

Exocrine glands are affected resulting in defects of the salivary glands, small bowel, pancreas, biliary tract, female cervix, and male genital system.

 


Term
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Definition

Hyaline Membrane Disease (Respitory Distress Syndrome)

 

affects infants and is a disorder of prematurity or infants born at less than a 37-week gestation

 

Notice the “ground glass” appearance of the lungs, especially in the right perihilar area.

Term
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Definition

Pnemococcal Pneumonia

 

Pneumococcal (lobar) pneumonia is the most common bacterial pneumonia because this type of bacteria is often present in healthy throats.


Pneumococcal pneumonia generally affects the alveoli of an entire lobe of a lung, without affecting the bronchi themselves.


Chest radiographic images demonstrate a collection of fluid in one or more lobes, with a lateral view serving to identify the degree of segmental involvement

 

 

Term
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Definition

Streptococcal Pneumonia

 

Radiographic appearance is localized around the bronchi, usually of the lower lobes.

 


Term
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Definition

Staphylococcal pneumonia

 

indicated by multiple large pneumatoceles (thin wall air containing cyst) in the right lung and consolidation of the left lower lobe of the lung.

 

characteristic sign is the spread of patchy areas localized in and around the bronchi

Term
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Definition

Legionnaires' disease


showing rounded opacities in the upper half of the right lung and lower two thirds of the left lung.

 

Outbreaks occur in large buildings in late summer and early fall.

 

Form of bacterial pneumonia

 

 

 

Term
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Definition

Aspiration (chemical) pneumonia

 

caused by acid vomitus aspirated into the lower respiratory tract, resulting in a chemical pneumonitis.

 

It may follow anesthesia, alcoholic intoxication, or stroke that causes loss of the cough reflex.

 

images reveal edema produced by the irritation of the air passages, appearing as densities radiating from hila into the dependent segments

Term
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Definition

Pulmonary tuberculosis/ TB

 

Circular Lesions are most commonly seen in the apical region of the chest

 

Fig. A, Tuberculosis (TB) of left upper lobe near left subclavicular region.

 

Fig. B, Old TB scarring evident in the left apical region just posterior to the clavicle of this female patient.

Term
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Definition

Tuberculosis

 

Cavitation in the right lung resulting from expansion of tubercular lesion.

 

*Still circular and in the apical region of the chest.

Term
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Definition

Miliary Tuberculosis

 

demonstrating small, distinct nodules throughout the lung fields.

 

*Look for tiny dots scattered throughout the lungs.

Term
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Definition

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

 

group of disorders that cause chronic airway obstruction; chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma and bronchiectasis.

 

Hyperinflation of the lungs, increased radiolucence, and barell shaped chest.

 

Lateral demostrats blunting of kostophrenic angles.

 

*Watch out for similarities between cystic fibrosis

Term
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Definition

Emphysema

 

lung's alveoli become distended, characterized by an increase in the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles.

 

Emphysema appears radiographically as a depressed or flattened diaphragm, abnormally radiolucent lungs, and an increased retrosternal air space (barrel-shaped chest).

 

*Note look at the diaphragms

Term
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Definition

 

 

 

Pulmonary emphysema with a giant emphysematous bleb occupying the upper half of the right lung.

Term
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Definition

Pleural Effusion

 

It should be regarded not as a disease entity but rather as a sign of an important underlying condition.

 

exudates: caused by inflammation, such as in the case of pleurisy, a pulmonary embolism, or neoplasm. 

 

transudates: changes such as those associated with heart failure or ascites.

Term
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Definition

 

 

 

Pleural Effusion

Term
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Definition

 

 

Sinusitis

 

Air-fluid level present in the left maxillary sinus reflects sinusitis

Term
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Definition

Bronchogenic carcinoma

 

Bronchogenic carcinoma on posteroanterior projection indicated by large right hilar mass

 

most common fatal primary malignancy in the United States accounting for over 90% of all lung tumors.

 

four main histologic types: squamous cell, undifferentiated small (oat) cell, undifferentiated large cell, and adenocarcinoma.

Term
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Definition

Pulmonary metastases from uterine cancer demonstrate multiple lesions with characteristic “cotton ball” appearance.

 

Malignancy is spread to the lungs from a primary site via five different routes:
(1) through the bloodstream in hematogenous metastases,
(2) through the lymph system in lymphogenous metastases,
(3) by direct extension in local invasion,
(4) through the tracheobronchial system in bronchogenic metastases, and, rarely, by
(5) direct implantation from biopsies or other surgical procedures.

Term
Bony structures such as the clavicles can be removed from the apices of the lungs by use of what radiographic position?

A: AP B: Lateral Decubitus
C: Lordotic D: 45-degree oblique
Definition
C: Lordotic
Term
The "sail sign" in an infant is commonly associated with enlargement of the:

A: Heart B: Pulmonary Arteries
C: Thymus D: Thyroid
Definition
C: Thymus
Term
Posterior mediastinal masses most commonly originate from ________ tissue?

A: Lymphatic B: Nervous
C: Thymus D: Thyroid
Definition
B: Nervous
Term
An infant born after only 6 months of gestion may likely suffer from:

A: Cystic Fibrosis B: Hyaline Membrane Disease
C: Mediastinal Emphysema D: Pectus Excavatum
Definition
B: Hyaline Membrane Disease
Term
A lack of respiratory function or lack of proper oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange best describes:

A: Cardiac Arrest B: Cardiac Arrhythmia
C: Respiratory Failure D: Tachypnea
Definition
C: Respiratory Failure
Term
Which of the following is the most common type of bacterial pneumonia?

A: Aspiration pneumonia B: Legionnaires' Disease C: Pneumococcal Pneumonia D: Streptococcal Pneumonia
Definition
C: Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Term
Loss of elastiity of the bronchial walls as a reslt of bacterial infection can result in:

A: Bronchiectasis B: Bronchogenic carcinoma C: Pnemococcal pneumonia D: Tuberculosis
Definition
A: Brochiectasis
Term
Pulmonary Fibrosis resulting from occupationally inhaled dusts is characteristic of:

A: Atelectasis B: Chronic Bronchitis C: Pleural effusion
D: Pneumoconiosis
Definition
D: Pneumoconiosis
Term
An accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity is known as:

A: Coin Lesion B: Empyema
C: Pleural Effusion D: pleurisy
Definition
B: Empyema
Term
The most common etiologic factor in the development of bronchogenic carcinoma is:

A: Automobile Emmisions B: Cigarette Smoking C: Dust D: Iatrogenic treatment
Definition
B: Cigarette Smoking
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