Term
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Definition
THE SPACE BETWEEN THE LUNGS
and is the most outer membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| lines the pulmonary cavities adheres to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. |
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Term
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Definition
| closley covers the lungs and is adherent to all its surfaces. This layer is right before the lungs. |
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Definition
| an abnormal collection of fluid or exudate in the pleural cavity |
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Definition
| space between the between parietal and visceral. |
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Term
| what are the respiratory muscles? |
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Definition
1)diaphragm: it is the principle muscle of inspiration.
2) accessory muscles of inhalation:
*external intercostals
*scalene
*sternocleidomastoid
3) accessory muscles of exhalation
*internal intercostals
*abd muscles |
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Term
| what are intercostal muscles and what do they do? |
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Definition
| are several groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. The intercostal muscles are mainly involved in the mechanical aspect of breathing. These muscles help expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity when you breathe. They aid in quiet and forced inhalation, are responsible for the elevation of the ribs |
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Term
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Definition
a measure of the ease of expansion of the lungs and thorax, a measure of change in lung volume that occur with a change in intrapulmonary pressure. It’s determined by the elastin and collagen fibers of the lung, water content, and surface tension.
Important factor is surface tension in the alveoli. |
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Term
| what are three compliances they affect the inflation of the lungs and how easily they can expand? |
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Definition
| elastin and collagen fibers, water content, and surface tension. |
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Term
| what is the purpose of Surfactant? |
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Definition
is a complex substance containing phospholipids and a number of carbohydrates. This essential fluid is produced by the Type II alveolar cells, and lines the alveoli and smallest bronchioles. Surfactant reduces surface tension throughout the lung, thereby contributing to its general compliance.
Surfactant lowers surface tension, increases lung compliance and ease of inflation, provides for stability and even more inflation of alveoli, and assists in preventing pulmonary edema by keeping alveoli dry. |
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Term
Surfactant reduces _______________?
Surfactant contains what substance? |
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Definition
surface tension
phospholipids |
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Term
| What are the types of lung volumes? |
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Definition
Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Reserve(IRV),
Expiratory Reserve(ERV), Residual Volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE AMOUNT OF AIR THAT MOVES INTO AND OUT OF THE LUNGS DURING NORMAL BREATHING. |
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Term
| INSPIRATORY RESERVE (IRV) |
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Definition
| THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE INSPIRED IN EXCESS OF NORMAL TV AFTER A NORMAL BREATH. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE EXHALED IN ECCESS OF NORMAL TV BREATHED OUT. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE AIR THAT REMAINS IN THE LUNGS AFTER EXPIRATION, THIS INCREASES WITH AGE. |
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Term
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Definition
| VITAL CAPACITY, INSPIRATORY CAPACITY, FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY, TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY. |
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Term
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Definition
| VC = IRV + TV +ERV AND IS THE AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE EXHALED. |
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Term
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Definition
| the maximum amount of air that can inspired in excess of normal + the amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs during normal breathing + the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled in excess of normal TV. (she said to know this) |
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Term
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Definition
| AMOUNT OF AIR WE BREATH IN |
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Term
| FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY |
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Definition
| AMOUNT OF AIR THAT REMAINS IN THE LUNGS AT THE END OF NORMAL EXPIRATION. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sum of all volumes in the lungs. |
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Term
| Nhat are the Dynamic Lung Functions? |
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Definition
| Forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume, FEV (1.0), minute volume, maximum voluntary ventilation. |
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Term
| Maximum Volutary Ventilation |
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Definition
| amount in and out during a set period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Gas Exchange:
Oxygen moves from ______ into ______? |
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Definition
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Term
Gas Exchange:
Carbon dioxide moves from ____ to ____? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False:
oxygen moves from alveolar air into the blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary function of the lungs? |
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Definition
| ooxygenation of blood and removal of carbon dioxide. |
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Term
| Name the three primary functions of the lungs? |
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Definition
| ventilation, perfusoin, diffusion. |
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Term
True or False?
C02 could result in acidosis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Flow of blood through the pulmonary capillary bed, provides blood flow to the gas exchange portion of the lungs, it filters blood, removes most of the thromboemboli, and serves as a reservior for blood on left side of the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the movement of gases in the alveoli and actoss the areolar-capillary membrane, its affected by the pressure of gas across the membrane, the availability of suface area, the thickness is passes through, and the characteristics of the gas. |
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Term
True or False?
blood will go to parts of the lungs that do have oxygen? |
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Definition
| FALSE!! Blood will ONLY go to parts of the lungs that do not have oxygen!! |
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Term
| Perfusion without ventilation will result in low ventilation. Name an example? |
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Definition
| Incomplete expansion of the lungs such as in atelectasis or shunt. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to blood that moves from the right to left side of the circulation without being oxygenated. There are 2 types, physiologic shunt with mismatching of ventilation and perfusion resulting in insufficient ventilation for O2 usually from destructive lung disease |
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Term
| Name two factors that will interfere with the dead air space? |
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Definition
| Pulmonary embolism and a shunt |
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Term
| What are the normal values for PaO2 and PO2? |
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Definition
PO2 = represents levels of dissolved oxygen in plasma of arterial blood and are normally > 80mmHg.
PCO2 = 35-45mmHg |
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Term
| Hemoglobin is the main transporter for what? |
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Definition
| oxygen, it carries about 98-99% of oxygen in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| PO2 represents levels of dissolved oxygen in plasma of arterial blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemoglobin contains bound O2, a compound formed from hemoglobin on exposure to alveolar gas in the lungs. |
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Term
| A little something about oxygen, you should already know. |
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Definition
| Oxygen moves across membrane through plasma and into red blood cell. |
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Term
| What are the normal values for oxyhemoglobin? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many oxygen molecules can a hemogobin hold? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the normal lab values for ph?
PaO2?
PaCO?
HCO3? |
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Definition
Ph: 7.35-7.45
PAO2: 80-100
PACO2: 35-45
HCO3: 22-26 |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of oxygen the blood can hold |
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Term
| How can anemia effect a pt? |
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Definition
| An anemic person may have normal PO2 and hemoglobin saturation level but decreased oxygen content because of the lower amount of hemoglobin for binding oxygen. |
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Term
| Additional information on Effect of anemia. |
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Definition
| Effect of anemia on the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. The hemoglobin can be completely saturated but the oxygen content of blood of reduced. It is the oxygen content of blood that determines the amount of oxygen that is carried in the blood and delivered to tissues. An anemic person may have normal PO2 and hemoglobin saturation level but decreased oxygen content because of the lower amount of hemoglobin for binding oxygen. They would feel tired because of the decreased O2 the cells need. |
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Term
Oxygen affinity:
•Left shift: A |
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Definition
| Decrease in metabolism, decrease in pcO2, increase in pH, alkaline, decrease in body temp |
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Term
Oxygen affinity:
•Right shift: C |
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Definition
| Increase in metabolism, increase in temp, increase in Co2, acidic, decrease in pH, anemia, heart failure. |
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Term
| Right shift for oxygen release shows signs of what type of complication? |
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Definition
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Term
| Left shift for oxygen release shows signs of what type of complication? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does left shift represent? |
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Definition
| Left shift represents an increased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and occurs in situations associated with decrease in tissue metabolism, such as alkalosis, decreased body temp and decreased PCO2 levels. Left shift will also see a decrease in metabolism, decrease in temperatures, and a decrease in CO2, so pt will be alkalotic. |
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Term
| Name a byproduct of oxygen? |
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Definition
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Term
| If blood released half of its oxygen to the tissue, would that be considered a Left or Right shift? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most body tissues have a PO2 of ____mmHg? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the definition for carbaminohemoglobin? |
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Definition
| Carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin |
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Term
| What are the normal values for PACO2 or PC02? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain Carbaminohemoglobin? |
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Definition
Carbaminohemoglobin- the combination of carbon dioxide with hemoglobin is a reversible reaction, in the lungs the highly acidic hemoglobin has a lesser tendency to form carbaminohemoglobin and CO2 is released into alveoli.
35-45 |
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Term
| As a pt is exhaling, what is occuring? |
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Definition
| As you exhale you remove CO2 from your blood and also decrease the amount of carbonic acid, raising your blood ph. |
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Term
| ?? If you do exhale correctly your blood levels will become? Acidic or Alkalitic? |
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Definition
| Acidic because your body is holding onto the CO2. |
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Term
| Carbaminohemoglobin: just a little note |
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Definition
Carbaminohemoglobin- the combination of carbon dioxide with hemoglobin is a reversible reaction, in the lungs the highly acidic hemoglobin has a lesser tendency to form carbaminohemoglobin and CO2 is released into alveoli.
35-45 |
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Term
| What is the function of Chemoreceptors? |
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Definition
| They can adjust respiration rate |
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Term
| Describe the function of Central Chemoreceptors. |
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Definition
| They measure PCO2 and PH in the cerebrospinal fluid & increase respiration when PCO2 increases or PH decreases. |
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Term
| Describe the function of Peripheral Chemoreceptors (carotid & aorta). |
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Definition
| They measure PO2 in arterial blood & Increase respiration when PO2 is < 60mmhg. |
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Term
| What receptors will kick in if the pts PO2 is less than 60 in the arterial blood? |
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Definition
| Peripheral Chemoreceptors |
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Term
| A receptor in the cerebrospinal fluid is stimulated, what will occur and what is the name of the chemoreceptor? |
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Definition
| The Central Chemoreceptors measure the PCO2 in the cerebrospinal fluid and when they are stimulated the pt. will begin to increase respiration when PCO2 increases or PH decreases. |
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Term
| The ______ group of neurons in respiratory center is concerned with inspiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two groups of neurons contribute to the function of the respiratory center? |
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Definition
Pons and Medulla
The pacemaker of the respiratory center results from the cycling of respiratory center with the pons over the Pneumotaxic stimulation and the lower pons over the apneustic center. These two groups (pons, medulla) of neurons contribute to the function of the respiratory center in the medulla. |
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Term
| Apneustic center & The Pneumotaxic center information. |
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Definition
| The Apneustic center has an excitatory effect on inspiration, tending to prolong inspiration. The Pneumotaxic center switches inspiration of assisting in control of respiratory rate and inspiratory volume. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the Central Chemoreceptors located? |
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Definition
| Medulla. Here they sense changes in the blood carbon dioxide. An increase in carbon dioxide levels produce an increase in ventilation that reaches its peek within one minute. |
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Term
| In general, what do chemoreceptors monitor? |
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Definition
| Blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and PH and adjust ventilation to meet the changing metabolic needs of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| these are located in the medulla and sense change in blood carbon dioxide. An increase in carbon dioxide levels produce an increase in ventilation that reaches its peek within one minute. |
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Term
Where are the Peripheral Chemoreceptors located?
What are they and what do they do? |
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Definition
| Carotic artery and aortic bodies, which are found in the bifurcation of the common carotid arteries and in the arch of the aorta, they monitor oxygen levels, they have little control over ventilation until PO2 dips below 60mmmHg. |
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Term
| What are the types of obstructive Pulmonary disorders? |
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Definition
Bronchil Asthma
COPE
*Emphysem
*chronic Bronchitis |
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Term
| What does COPD stand for and what is it? |
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Definition
| COPD=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is one of the most common lung diseases. It makes it difficult to breathe, it’s chronic and recurrent obstruction. It is usually progressive and may be accompanied by hyper-responsiveness and may be partially reversible |
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Term
| There are two main forms of COPD what are they? |
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Definition
Chronic obstructive bronchitis & Emphysema.
Chronic Obstructive bronchitis is r/t obstruction of small airway and involves a long-term cough with mucus.
Emphysema: is r/t enlargement of air space and involves destruction of the lung tissue over time, you will see loss of lung elasticity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acute Respiratory distress syndrome; life-threatening lung condition that prevents enough oxygen from getting into the blood. This is also listed under stressor to ventiltion and gas exchange. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lung cancer. An abnormal new growth of tissue that grows by cellular proliferation more rapidly than normal, continues to grow after the stimuli that initiated the new growth cease, shows partial or complete lack of structural organization and functional coordination with the normal tissue, and usually forms a distinct mass of tissue which may be either benign or malignant. |
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Term
| Obstructive disorders are caused by disorders that increase or decrease the resistnce to airflow and all fall under COPD? |
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Definition
increase the resistance to airflow.
EX: chronic bronchitis, emphysema, COPD, airflow obstruction ans asthma. |
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Term
| Does Bronchial Asthma affect alveoli? |
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Definition
| NO!! It only affects the airways--not the alveoli! Bronchial Asthma is intermittent and recersible airflow obstruction. |
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Term
| What two mechanisms are considered an airway obstruction? |
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Definition
Inflammation and Hyper-responsiveness.
Inflammation from obsturction of the lumen of the airway.
Hyper-responsiveness- can be triggered by inflammation. it is the constriction of bronchial smooth muscle-> narrowing from outside. |
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Term
| How can inflammation cause airway obstruction? |
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Definition
| The inflammation process produces episodes of airway obstruction, seen as wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and a cough that is worse at night and morning. |
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Definition
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