Term
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Definition
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Term
| Define the concept of driving pressure as it relates to ventilation |
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Definition
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Term
| Define and apply ideal gas law |
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Definition
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Term
| Define and apply Boyle's law |
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Definition
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Term
| Define and apply Charle's law |
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Definition
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Term
| Define and apply Gay-Lussacs law |
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Definition
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Term
| Define and apply Daltons law |
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Definition
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Term
| Review the concepts of Partial Pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| Calculate alveolar PAO2 using the alveolar gas equation |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most important variables in the alveolar gas equation and their effect on ventilation and external gas exchange |
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Definition
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Term
| explain the diffusion of gases across the alveolar/capillary membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal values: 1.PAO2 2.PaO2 3.PCO2 4.SaO2 5.PvO2 6.PvCO2 7.SvO2 |
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Definition
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Term
| Discuss the concept of capillary transport time and its effect on gas exchange |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Flick's law and paraphrase its meaning in relation to the diffusion of gas |
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Definition
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Term
| State Henry's law and apply it to diffusion of pulmonary gases |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Grahams law as it applies to O2 and CO2 |
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Definition
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Term
| How can oxygen either be perfusion or diffusion limited? |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal Ranges: 1.pH 2.PaO2 3.PaCO2 4.HCO3- |
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Definition
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Term
| Define acute alveolar hyperventilation (acute respiratory alkalosis) |
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Definition
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Term
| Define acute alveolar hypoventilation (acute respiratory acidosis, acute ventilatory failure) |
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Definition
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Term
| Define metabolic acidosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Define metabolic alkalosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Define compensated respiratory acidosis (chronic ventilatory failure) |
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Definition
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Term
| Define compensated metabolic acidosis |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between PaO2 and SaO2 |
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Definition
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Term
| What is oxyhemoglobin? What is deoxyhemoglobin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal range for hemogolbin? what about RBC? HCT? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is (Hb x 1.34 x SaO2) + (PaO2 x 0.003) ? Solve for CaO2 |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the oxygen dissociation curve? What is the relationship between SaO2/PaO2 and temperature? |
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Definition
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Term
| using the oxygen dissociation curve explain the relationship between SaO2/PaO2 and hyper/hypo carbia |
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Definition
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Term
| using the oxygen dissociation curve explain the relationship between SaO2/PaO2 and pH of blood |
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Definition
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Term
| using the oxygen dissociation curve explain the relationship between SaO2/PaO2 and 2,3 DPG |
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Definition
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Term
| Define the P50 and describe its clinical significance |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the role of carbon monoxide (CO)inhalation would have on gas exchange and discuss how carboxyhemoglobin is measured |
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Definition
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Term
| Define DO2 and list its components. Explain what physiolgoical change(s) have the greatest effect on oxygen delivery. |
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Definition
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Term
| Define C(a-v)O2 and explain its clinical significance |
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Definition
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Term
| Discuss Vo2 and its relationship to cardiac output and oxygen content |
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Definition
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Term
| List factors that would increase and decrease oxygen consumption |
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Definition
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Term
| Define intrapulmonary shunt and list some common causes |
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Definition
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Term
| Compare and Contrast intrapulmonary shunting with normal alveolar-capillary unit, as well as capillary shunts and shunt-like effect |
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Definition
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Term
| List factors that would increase or decrease C(v-a)O2 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Analyze the Shunt equation and calculate Qs/Qt from provided data |
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Definition
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Term
| List the four types of hypoxia and give examples of each |
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Definition
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Term
| Specifically define cyanosis and describe why it may not be a reliable indicator of the degree of hypoxemia |
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Definition
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Term
| Define polycythemia and discuss its origin |
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Definition
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Term
| Discuss the significance of P(A-a)O2 |
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Definition
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Term
3 Goals of Oxygen Therapy
(define oxygen therapy)
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Definition
1. Decrease the work of the heart
2. Decrease the work of breathing
3. Treat Hypoxemia
(Anything above 21% oxygen is defined as Oxygen therapy) |
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Term
| General Goals and clinical objectives to oxygen therapy (3) |
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Definition
1. Correct documented or suspected acute hypoxemia.
2.Decrease the symptoms associated with chronic hypoxemia.
3. Decrease the workload hypoxemia imposes on the cardiopulmonary system. |
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Term
What is hypoxemia?
What is hypoxia? |
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Definition
Hypoxemia: low oxygen in the blood
Hypoxia: low oxygen in the body tissues |
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Term
| describe the process to assessing the need for oxygen therapy (3) |
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Definition
1. Lab documentation (PaO2, SaO2, SpO2)
2. Specific clinical probelm (Patient has carbon monoxide posioning)
3. Clinical findings at the bedside (tachypnea, tachycardia, confusion, etc.) |
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Term
What is tachypnea?
What is tachycardia? |
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Definition
tachypnea- fast breathing
tachycardia- fast heartbeat |
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Term
| Precautions and hazards of supplemental O2: Oxygen Toxicity (3) What does it effect? What are the determining factors? What does high exposure to FIO2 cause? |
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Definition
It primarily effects the lungs and the central nervous system.
Determining factors including PO2 and exposure time.
Prolonged exposure to high FIO2 can cause lung infiltrates in the lung parenchyma. |
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Term
| Average Saturated hemoglobin |
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Definition
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Term
| When drawing blood, draw from...? |
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Definition
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Term
| Precautions and Hazards of supplemental O2: Depression of ventilation (where does it occur?) |
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Definition
| in the COPD patients with hypercapnia |
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Term
| Precautions and Hazards of supplemental O2: Retinopathy of prematurity. What do excessive blood O2 levels cause? |
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Definition
| excessive blood O2 levels cause retinal vasoconstriction and necrosis. |
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Term
| Precautions and Hazards of supplemental O2: Fire Hazard. Where do fires continue to occur? Where and who needs to be more careful? |
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Definition
| Fires continue to occure in O2 enriched enviroments. Practitioners in surgery suites and in the presence of hyperbaric O2 therapy need to be most careful. |
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Term
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Definition
Oxygen delivery device that is not
capable of providing all the patients inspiratory flow needs. Example: Nasal Cannla |
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Term
| What is high flow? What can it ensure? What do you use? |
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Definition
| Supply a given O2 concentration at a flow equaling or exceeding the patients peak inspiratory flow. It can ensure a fixed FIO2. Use air-entrainment or blending system. Example: Air entainment masks |
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Term
| What is the anatomic reservoir? What does it consist of? Nickname? |
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Definition
| The anatomic reservoir is 50 cc. 1/3 of the anatomic deadspace. It consists of the nose, nasopharynx and oropharynx. It is nicknamed "The Mixer" |
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Term
| Low Flow Criteria: What are low flow oxygen systems affected by? What is your decision to use a low flow system based upon? |
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Definition
| Low flow oxygen systems are affected by the patients ventilatory patter, Vt (title volume), RR (respiratory rate) and the LPM from the flowmeter. Decision to use low flow based upon clinical assessment of your patient |
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Term
| Established criteria indicated a low flow system may be used if your patient meets the following guidelines (3): |
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Definition
Vt (title volume) between 300-700
RR (respiratory rate) is less than 25 breaths per minute
Ventilatory pattern is regular and consistent |
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Term
| Nasal Cannula: Delivers an FI02 of? Used with flow rates of? What does FIO2 depend on? How much is tolerated? What has research shown? |
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Definition
Delivers an FIO2 of 1.24 to 0.54
Used with flow rates of 1 to 8 L/min
FIO2 depends on how much room air the patient inhales in addition to the O2.
Device is usually well tolerated up to 6-8 LPM
Research has shown that they can be used up to 15 LPM but only tolerated up to 8. |
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Term
| Nasal Catheter: What flows is it used at? Delivers an FIO2 of? Where is it rarely used? What has replaced it? Where should it be placeD? |
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Definition
Used at flows of 1/4 to 8 L/min
Delivers an FIO2 of 0.22 to 0.45
Rarely used in modern health care facilities today.
Has been replaced by the nasal cannula
Placement of nasal catheter in the nasopharynx. |
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Term
What is FIO2?
Oxygen FI02? |
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Definition
Fraction of inspired oxygen.
Oxygen= 21% air
FIO2= .21 |
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Term
Types of patients on nasal cannulas (3)
1. what kind of patients? what is it there for? what may it be due to?
2. what kind of patients? why might they need nasal cannulas? what is there a need for?
3. what kind of patients? what criteria do they meet?
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Definition
1. patients with chest pain, no hypoxemia: there to decrease the work of the heart/patient may have high respiratory rate and not meet low flow criteria, however it may be due to pain and anxiety.
2. Patients with dyspnea (shortness of breath) who may not meet low flow criteria due to high respiratory rate but who may not tolerate a mask. Need to evaluate for highflow.
3. Patients with hypoxemia who meet low flow criteria. |
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Term
What are bubblers? (bubbler humidifiers)
What must you check? What reasons will it not work?(2) why might it be whistling?(1) |
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Definition
They are used for nasal cannulas at 4LMP or higher if patient requests.
Check popoff: reasons popoff will not work: leak or faulty
popoff is whistling : obstruction |
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Term
Oxygen Therapy: reservoir cannula
What is it designed for? types of reservoirs? how much can it reduce oxygen? What is usually not needed? |
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Definition
Reservoir cannulas are designed to conserve oxygen. there are nasal reservoirs and pendant resevoirs.
can reduce oxygen use as much as 50% to 75% and humidification is usually not needed |
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Term
Oxygen Therapy: reservoir cannula
How much O2 does it store? does the patient recieve more or less O2 with each breath? What does that mean? |
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Definition
| reservoir cannulas store about 20 mL of O2 that the patient inhales during the early part of inspiration. Each patient recieves more O2 with each breath, thus lower flow will be perscribed which conserves O2. |
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Term
| Pendant shaped inflatable Reservoir cannula does what when a person exhales? What needs to happen for this device to work? |
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Definition
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