Term
|
Definition
| What is the term for pathologic narrowing of the mitral valve? |
|
|
Term
| The Sympathetic Division of the ANS |
|
Definition
| What maintains central control of the vascular system? |
|
|
Term
| Preload, Afterload, Contractility, and Heart rate |
|
Definition
| Cardiac output is primarily determined by: (4 things) (PACH) |
|
|
Term
| cardiovascular, homeostasis |
|
Definition
| The ___________ system consists of the heart and vascular network, which maintains _________________ by regulating the distribution of blood flow in the body. |
|
|
Term
SOAP = Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan.
Subjective refers to information obtained from the patient, relatives or similar sources. |
|
Definition
Re: SOAP
What is subjective? |
|
|
Term
| pons and medulla oblongata |
|
Definition
| The respiratory center is located in the _____________ and ______________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_________is an expectorant.
a. acetylcysteine
b. Guaifenesin
c. Theophylline
d. Epinephrine HCL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_________is a Bronchodilator.
a. acetylcysteine
b. Guaifenesin
c. Theophylline
d. Epinephrine HCL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_________is a xanthine.
a. acetylcysteine
b. Guaifenesin
c. Theophylline
d. Epinephrine HCL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
________is a mucolytic.
a. acetylcysteine
b. Guaifenesin
c. Theophylline
d. Epinephrine HCL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which is not considered a COPD related disease?
a. Bronchiectasis
b. Bronchial asthma
c. Bronchitis
d. Broncial Hypotension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which of the following is not generally caused by COPD?
a. Pneumonia
b. Right sided heart failure
c. Headaches
d. Cor pulmonale |
|
|
Term
Heart Rate X Stroke Volume
(Rate x SV) |
|
Definition
| What formula is used to calculate the total amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, or cardiac output? |
|
|
Term
| False. This would be the arterioles. |
|
Definition
| Just as faucets control flow of water into a sink, the pulmonary vein controls blood flow into the capillaries. T/F |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A heart rate increase above 20 bpm from the initial heart rate is a common side effect while giving a bronchodilator.
T/F |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mitral stenosis can lead to pulmonary edema. T/F |
|
|
Term
| Head tilt, chin lift maneuver. |
|
Definition
| How would you approach airway management of an unconscious victim? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The condition when air enters into the pleural space is called: _____________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The trachea is also known as the: __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Another name for the sternum: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What term is used to describe where the trachea splits into R and L Bronchus? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leaf shaped cartilage that covers the airway during swallowing is called: _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Microscopic airway hairs that sweep mucus up and out of the lungs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are the tiny sacs in the lungs used for gas exchange called? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hole that opens into the windpipe (trachea) is called the: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The point where nerves and vessels enter the lung is called the: |
|
|
Term
| Diaphragm and intercostal muscles |
|
Definition
| Primary muscles of ventilation include: |
|
|
Term
| The Patient Bill of Rights |
|
Definition
| What is the right to appropriate care? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease is transmitted by a Respiratory Care Therapist, what is the mode of contamination? |
|
|
Term
| Line through the mistake and initial over the error. |
|
Definition
| While charting, you write an incorrect pulse rate: how do you correct this error on the chart? |
|
|
Term
| False. That would be Cognitive. |
|
Definition
| Psychomotor domain reflects facts and concepts. T/F |
|
|
Term
| The diaphragm. It allows for high pitched sounds and filters out low pitched sounds. |
|
Definition
| On a stethoscope, what is used for high pitched sounds? |
|
|
Term
| Binaurals, Tubing, Diaphragm, Bell and Ear Piece |
|
Definition
| Name the 5 parts of a stethoscope: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Name a posterior landmark. |
|
|
Term
| Free from all living microorganisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concentration of Oxygen is most accurately controlled by: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vibrations created by the vocal cords during speech are called: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the normal PACO2 level? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Scenario:
A patient is on an O2 mask at a 40% FIO2 and you need to take off the mask and use a nasal cannula; at what flow rate will the N/C need to be set at in order to deliver the same FIO2 of 40%? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What numbers would be considered hypotension in a male? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What term is used to identify a heart rate of 130? |
|
|
Term
| By using the sternal angle |
|
Definition
| How can the 2nd rib be most easily identified? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which of the following would not be considered Subjective?
a. Dyspnea
b. Anxiety
c. Work of Breathing
d. Respiratory Rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which artery is normally checked for pulse during CPR? |
|
|
Term
| 30 compressions: 2 breaths |
|
Definition
| What is the ratio for a 1 rescuer performing CPR? |
|
|
Term
| Remove the mask and put the patient on a nasal cannula. |
|
Definition
| A patient is on an Oxygen mask but needs to eat, what should be done about it? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low flow can meet the needs of a patient with variable O2 needs.
T/F |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the first thing you do when you receive an order? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the value for moderate hypoxemia? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the value for normal PO2 levels? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the value for severe hypoxemia? |
|
|
Term
| Inspired O2 concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Recurrent Laryngeal nerves (Branches of the Vagus Nerves). If injured = vocal cord paralysis; hoarseness, loss of voice, and cough. |
|
Definition
| Nerves that innervate the Larynx:______________. If injured, what will happen? |
|
|
Term
| Intercostal Nerve, T2 - T11. If injured, decreased respiratory muscle function, both inspiratory and expiratory. |
|
Definition
| Nerves that innervate the intercostal muscles are __________________. If injured, what will happen? |
|
|
Term
| Phrenic Nerve, C3 - C5. Injury results in paralysis of the diaphragm. |
|
Definition
| Nerves that innervate the diaphragm:____________. If injured, what will happen? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the condition called when ventilation in in excess of metabolic needs with increased ventilation that occurs when metabolic rate is increased? Exercise is associate with normal PaCO2. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excessive ventilation that results in low PaCO2 |
|
|
Term
| 1 ml/Lb of IBW (2.2 ml/Kg) or 150 ml. |
|
Definition
| What is the normal range for anatomic deadspace? |
|
|
Term
| B~Adrenergic Bronchodilator Therapy, Anticholinergic Aerosol Therapy, and Systemic Steroids. |
|
Definition
| Which medications can RT's use to reduce airway resistance in asthma? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When gas enters the alveoli but no blood comes to pick up the Oxygen, this is called: |
|
|
Term
1. Sign of distress and increased WOB.
2. The presence of air trapping in the lungs. |
|
Definition
1. What does it mean when you see active exhalation in a patient?
2. In COPD patients what might this indicate? |
|
|
Term
| Slow, deep breaths and exhalation against pursed lips. |
|
Definition
| What is the optimal pattern of breathing for patients with obstructive airway disease? |
|
|
Term
| Pursed-lip breathing with a slower breathing pattern with more time to exhale. |
|
Definition
| If the lung is overinflated, what technique can be used to decrease the amount of residual air? |
|
|
Term
| Fibrosistic patient (they have a loss of elasticity) |
|
Definition
| This patient breaths with a rapid, shallow pattern to reduce the mechanical work of distending the lung: |
|
|
Term
| Difficulty coughing and difficult time increasing the pressure to cough. |
|
Definition
| What happens to a patient with a spinal cord injury who cannot use their abdominal muscles? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is created when air moves through the pipes (80% of all resistance)? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What type of resistance require the tissues to move when the chest expands (obesity outside the lungs, and fibrosis inside the lungs)? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Name the two types of resistance: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Responsible for gas flow in and out of the lungs: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Responsible for the degree of alveolar inflation. Apical P pl-10 cm H2O. Base P pl - 2.5 cm H2O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Difference in pressure across the chest wall, or the total pressure necessary to expand or contract the lungs and chest wall together. |
|
|
Term
| Bases and periphery of the lungs. |
|
Definition
| Where does the bulk of ventilation go during a patients normal breath in an upright position? |
|
|
Term
Compliance
Resistance
Active Exhalation
Ventilatory pattern |
|
Definition
Name the 4 factors that contribute to WOB:
(CRAV) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The impact of changes in blood pH on Hb affinity for oxygen is called the: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Bohr Equation:
Carbon Dioxide disassociation curve. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ventilation less than that necessary to meet metabolic needs.
Signified by a PaCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg and FIO2 less than 35 mm Hg. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of moving air in and out of the lungs: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wasted ventilation is also known as: |
|
|
Term
| A body box or plethysmograph |
|
Definition
| The pressure changes in the chest are measured using ______________ or ______________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is used to measure the actual rate of air flow? |
|
|
Term
| Compliance or Distensibility |
|
Definition
| The change in lung volume divided by the pressure needed to take a breath is called _____________ or __________________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A measurement of how much pressure it takes to push the gas through the conduting air passages is called: |
|
|
Term
Sympathetic: Increased heart rate, contractility, or both.
Parasympathetic: Decreased heart rate |
|
Definition
| Whar are the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on the sinus node in the heart? |
|
|
Term
Anatomic
Physiologic
and Alveolar |
|
Definition
| Name the 3 types of deadspace: |
|
|
Term
| Use PEEP (Positive End-Expiratory Pressure) and/or CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) Therapies. |
|
Definition
| What intervention can we do for a patient that has an underinflated lung, to increase the amount of residual air into the lungs? |
|
|
Term
Normal Breath Sounds
1. Bronchial
2. Broncialvesicular
3. Vesicular
4. Tracheal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Whisper Pectoriloquy
(Bronchophony) |
|
Definition
| Transmission of the sounds of speech through the chest wall is called: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sound of normal voice tones as hearth through the chest wall is called: |
|
|
Term
1. Crackles
2. Wheezes
3. Ronchi
4. Rubs
|
|
Definition
| Name 4 Adventitious breath sounds: |
|
|
Term
| Whispered Pectoriloquy and Egophony |
|
Definition
| What are 2 methods of auscultations? |
|
|
Term
1. Cyanosis of the nail beds
2. Tachypnea
3. Tachycardia
4. Diaphoresis |
|
Definition
| Name 4 signs of Hypoxemia (definicieny of O2 in the blood) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How do you calculate the duration of an O2 cylinder? |
|
|
Term
Formula: Vt x RR = 600 Vt x 15 bpm
= 9000 ml....so
= 9 Liters |
|
Definition
| What is the formula to calculation minute ventilation if the tidal volume is 600 ml and the respiratory rate is 15 bpm? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biologic sensors that monitor chemical environmental changes. i.e. arterial blood oxygen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biological receptors that monitor arterial blood pressure are called: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membranous sac that surrounds the heart is called the: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is it called when pathological narrowing or constriction of a cardiac valve occurs? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stroke Volume x heart rate = |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ventricular stretch provided by end diastolic volume: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability to initiate a spontaneous electrical impulse: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Force against which the ventricle pumps: |
|
|
Term
1. P wave
2. QRS complex
3. T wave |
|
Definition
Events of the Cardiac Cycle:
1. Arterial depolarization (contraction)
2. Ventricular depolarization (contraction)
3. Ventricular repolarization (relaxation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What condition correlates with the following information?
High pH
High HCO3
High BE
Neutral pCO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What condition correlates with the following information?
High pH
Neutral HCO3
Neutral BE
Low pCO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What condition correlates with the following information?
Low pH
Low HCO3
Low BE
Neutral pCO2 |
|
|
Term
Concentration increases
FIO2 increases |
|
Definition
| If water collects in a corrugated tube, what happens to the O2? |
|
|
Term
1. ABG
2. Pulse Oximeter
3. Assessment of Pt. |
|
Definition
| How do you assess O2 therapy? |
|
|
Term
- Device
- Liter flow
- FIO2
- Duration and goal of therapy
- ABG's |
|
Definition
| To complete an O2 order, you must have: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which breath sound wil be present at the supra sternal notch? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which abnormal breath sounds would be present in the lung periphery? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The primary function of the Upper Respiratory Tract is to _________ and _________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irritant response of the rapid receptors found in the tracea may cause bradycardia. This is referred to as: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The LOC where the patient awakens with difficulty but responds appropriately is called: |
|
|
Term
| The NBRC - National Credentialing Agency for Respiratory Care Practitioners. |
|
Definition
| Which organization grants credentials in respiratory therapy? |
|
|
Term
Clinical Practice Guidelines
It is safe practice guideline to ensure appropriate care. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is another name for the Larynx? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Common passageway in the throat for digestive and respiratory tracts is called the: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wrapping that lines the lungs is called: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What houses and protects the lungs? |
|
|
Term
| Conducting gases from the upper airway to the respiratory zones of the lungs. |
|
Definition
| The Lower Respiratory Tract is responsible for: |
|
|
Term
- Cough
- Dyspnea
- Sputum Production
- Hemoptysis |
|
Definition
| Common Cardiac Pulmonary Symptoms include: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The airway branches into ________, which in turn make up _________ in both the L and R lungs. |
|
|
Term
| The Respiratory Bronchioles and Alveoli |
|
Definition
| What produces a large surface area for exchange of gases between air and blood? |
|
|
Term
OSA = Obstructive Sleep Apnea. A condition where the upper airway closes during sleep - even though respiratory efforts continue.
Treated with CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) therapy, medications, weight loss and surgery. |
|
Definition
| What is OSA and how is it treated? |
|
|
Term
Airways narrow due to:
- smooth muscle contraction
- mucosal edema
- increased secretions.
*The alveoli are not directly affected by asthma initially. |
|
Definition
| What happens to the airway and alveoli when a patient is having an acute episode of asthma? |
|
|
Term
- Loss of elastic tissue
- Loss of alveolar surface area for gas exchange. |
|
Definition
| What changes in the airway and alveoli occur in emphysema? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What can have a negative impact on cardiac contractility? |
|
|
Term
- cholinergic stimulation
- Stimulation of B~adrenergic receptors |
|
Definition
| What causes smooth muscl relaxation and vessel dilation? |
|
|
Term
| 0-4 mm induration of 48 hours |
|
Definition
| What corresponds with a negative TB test? |
|
|
Term
| Between the L atrium and L ventricle. |
|
Definition
| Where is the mitral valve located? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What cell type secretes surfactant? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the most common type of lung cancer? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pneumoncystis carinii infections are commly treated with which medications? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal values for HCO3 are considered to be: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Normal Values for PCO2 is:
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Noted obstruction of the traceha or larynx? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible is _________________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of tidal volume is: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sound heard during bronchospasm of the bronchial walls: |
|
|
Term
- Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of O2 at ambient pressures.
- Toxicity can cause consolidation,
- thickening of the capillary beds,
- formation of hyaline membranes,
- fibrosis,
- edema, and
- atelectasis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
- Low flow device
- Reservoir bag
- Inhaled air comes from bag and holes in the mask
- Delivers a High FIO2 (about 60%)
- Flow rate should be set so bag doesn't collapse during inspiration. |
|
Definition
| Facts about Partial Rebreathing Mask |
|
|
Term
1 L = 24%
2 L = 28%
3 L = 32%
4 L = 36%
5 L = 40%
Keep adding 4% for every Liter needed |
|
Definition
| FIO2 Concentration equals to: |
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary surfacant lowers surface tension in the lung and maintains elasticity in the alveoli. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Air passes through the conductive airways: Trachea, Mainstream bronchi, Lobar bronchi, Segmental bronchi, Subsegmental bronchi, and Terminal bronchi.
Next, air enters the smaller airways: Bronchioles and Terminal Bronchioles.
Gas Exchange Occurs: Respiratory Bronchioles, Terminal Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts and finally the Alveoli. |
|
Definition
| Describe the pathway gas follows as it is conducted through the lower airway: |
|
|
Term
| The blood flow to the alveoli is blocked and causes increased deadspace (too much is 50% - 60% of each breath). |
|
Definition
| What can happen to a patient that has a Pulmonary Embolus (Blood clot, fat clot, air bubble)? |
|
|
Term
Steps to Inspiration:
1. Inspiratory Muscles expand the thorax.
2. Thorax expansion decreases the pleural pressure and widens the transpulmonary pressure causing the alveoli to expand.
3. Alveolar expansion decreases alveolar pressures below 0, resulting in "negative" tranrespiratory pressure so gas enters.
4. Alveolar filling slows as alveolar pressures approaches pressure at airway opening.
5. End inspiration transpulmonmary pressure is again 0 as alveolar pressure = the pressure at the airway opening. |
|
Definition
Steps to Expiration:
1. Thoracic recoil causes intrapleural pressure to begin to rise.
2. Transpulmonary pressure declines, so alveoli begin to deflate.
3. Shrinking alveoli increases alveolar pressure so "positive" pressure gradient compared to pressure at the airway opening increases as transpulmonary pressure.
4. Gas moves from alveoli to atmosphere 1 ATM = 760 mm HG.
5. When Alveolar pressure falls to atmospheric pressure, expiratory flow stops. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Absence of all forms of microorganisms. |
|
|
Term
Shaped like a hook, used to keep the tongue from ecluding the airway.
Often used in CPR when bagging. It should measure from the tip of the lip to the tip of the ear lobe.
Do not use on anyone with a gag reflex - only on unconscious victim. |
|
Definition
| What is an Oropharyngeal airway or OPA? |
|
|
Term
SOB as perceived by the patient.
Can occur with Hypoxemia.
Acidosis, fever, excercise or anxiety.
Occurs when airways become narrow or lungs fail to expand.
Sometimes it is only present in certain positions.
Orthopnea is seen in CHF patients. |
|
Definition
| Factors associated with dyspnea: |
|
|
Term
| SOB in the upright position. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An abnormal sound heard over the chest. It occurs as a result of trapped air. It is a loud, low pitched sound with a long duration. |
|
Definition
| Resonance is the sound heard while percussing normal lung tissue. What is high resonance or Hyperresonance? |
|
|
Term
Formula:
HR X SV
4.2 L/min |
|
Definition
| A patient has a HR of 70 bpm and a SV of 60 ml with each ejection of the ventricle. What is the approximate cardiac output in LMP? |
|
|
Term
| The pleural pressure becomes positive causing compression in the intrathoracic veins, increasing central venous (CPV), and R atrial filling pressures. The venous return to the heart decreases together with the R ventricular pre-load, the stroke volume, and pulmonary blood flow. |
|
Definition
| Explain the effect that PPV (IPPB) has on venous return: |
|
|
Term
1. Sympathetic venous tone
2. Skeletal muscle pumping (milking) of vessels (plus valves).
3. Cardiac suction
4. Thoracic pressure differences caused by ventilation. |
|
Definition
| What 4 mechanisms combine to aid in promoting venous return to the heart? |
|
|
Term
Sympathomimetic: Stimulation causes smooth muscle relaxation of the airway.
Parasympatholytic: Blocks the smooth muscle constriction caused by parasympathetic stimulation which results in bronchodilation. |
|
Definition
| Describe two ways that drugs produce bronchodilation. |
|
|
