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| bronchiole (little airway) |
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| structure that warms, moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract; also houses the olfactory receptors for the sense of smell |
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| air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity |
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| the roof of the mouth; divided into the hard and soft palate |
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| throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx |
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| part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages |
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| central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis |
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| lower part of the pharynx just below the oropharynx opening into the larynx and esophagus |
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| oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion; also called palatine tonsils |
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| lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose; also called pharyngeal tonsil |
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| small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate, named for its grapelike shape |
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| voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords |
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| opening between the vocal cords in the larynx |
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| a lidlike structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway |
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| windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina, where it splits into right and left bronchus |
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| branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli |
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| two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs |
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| progressively smaller tubular braches of the airways |
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| thin-walled microscopic air sacs that exchange gases |
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| two spongy organs in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration |
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| subdivisions of the lung; two on the left and three on the right |
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| membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) |
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| potential space between visceral and parietal layers of the pleura |
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| muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and moves up and down to aid respiration |
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| partition that separates the thorax into two compartments (containing the right and left lungs) and encloses the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland |
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| thin sheets of tissue that line respiratory passages and secrete mucus, a viscid (sticky) fluid |
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| hairlike processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, to move mucus cell secretions upward |
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| functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs that perform respiration |
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| ability to breath only in an upright position |
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| Cheyne-Stokes respiration |
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| pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and sometimes rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea |
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| popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters eased airways and alveoli; occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis |
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| high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrow airway; occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema |
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| popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters eased airways and alveoli; occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis |
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| high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrow airway; occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema |
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| a high-pitched crowing sound that occurs with an obstruction in the upper airway (trachea or larynx) |
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| a bluish coloration of the skin caused by a deficient amount of oxygen in the blood |
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| hoarseness (phon/o = voice or sound) |
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| nosebleed (epi = upon; stazo = to drip) |
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| coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs |
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| material expelled from the lungs by coughing |
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| coughing up and spitting out blood originating in the lungs (ptysis = to spit) |
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| excessive movement of air in and out of the lungs, causing hypocapnia |
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| deficient movement of air in and out of the lungs, causing hypercapnia |
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| deficient amount of oxygen in the blood |
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| deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells |
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| obstructive lung disorder |
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| condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs |
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| restrictive lung disorder |
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| condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs |
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| excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood (capno = smoke; (carbo = coal) |
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| excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood (capno = smoke; (carbo = coal) |
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| degeneration and death of tissue with a cheeselike appearance |
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| fluid filling of the spaces around the alveoli and eventually flooding into the alveoli |
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| density on an x-ray representing the consolidation of matter within the air spaces of the lungs, usually resulting from an inflammatory process |
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| thin, watery discharge from the nose (runny nose) |
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| panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of their mucous membrane, characterized by paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough |
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| collapse of lung tissue (alveoli) (atele = imperfect; -ectasis = expansion or dilation) |
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| inflammation of the bronchi |
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| lung cancer; cancer originating in the bronchi |
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| constriction of bronchi caused by spasm (involuntary contraction) of the peribronchial smooth muscle |
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| abnormal dilation of the bronchi with accumulation of mucus |
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| obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of alveoli with air and destructive changes in their walls resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange (emphysan = to inflate) |
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| inflammation of the upper airways with swelling that creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct, “seal bark” cough |
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| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
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| permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema |
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| inflammation of the larynx |
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| spasm of laryngeal muscles, causing a constriction |
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| presence of numerous polyps in the nose (a polyp is a tumor on a stalk) |
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| inflammation of the pharynx |
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| head cold; inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes |
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| accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity |
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| accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity |
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| laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) |
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| inflammation of the upper airways with swelling that creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct, “seal bark” cough |
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| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease = permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema |
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| laryngotracheobronchitis = inflammation of the upper airways with swelling that creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct, “seal bark” cough |
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| chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dusts such as coal, asbestos, or silicone (conio = dust) |
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| an inflammation in the lung caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or resulting from aspiration of chemicals |
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| pneumonia caused by the Pneumocystis carinii organism, a common opportunistic infection seen in those with positive human immunodeficiency virus |
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| air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall |
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| air and blood in the pleural cavity |
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| inflammation of the lung often caused by hypersensitivity to chemicals or dusts |
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| occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, most often caused by a blood clot |
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| pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) |
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| disease caused by the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs, characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation, and necrotizing caseous lesions (caseous necrosis) |
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| inflammation of the sinuses |
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| periods of breathing cessation (10 seconds or more) that occur during sleep, often causing snoring |
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| acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils |
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| upper respiratory infection (URI) |
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| infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi |
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| pulmonary tuberculosis = disease caused by the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs, characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation, and necrotizing caseous lesions (caseous necrosis) |
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| upper respiratory infection = infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi |
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| arterial blood gases (ABGs) |
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| analysis or arterial blood to determine adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gases |
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| a measure of blood acidity or alkalinity |
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| partial pressure of oxygen measuring the amount of oxygen in the blood |
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| partial pressure of carbon dioxide measuring the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood |
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| examination inside a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic or treatment purposes |
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| use of a flexible endoscope, called a bronchoscope, to examine the airways |
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| use of a flexible endoscope to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx (throat) to diagnose structural abnormalities such as obstructions, growths, and cancers |
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| arterial blood gases = analysis or arterial blood to determine adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gases |
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| to listen; a physical examination method of listening to the sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope; such as auscultation of the chest for heart and lung sounds |
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| a physical examination method of tapping over the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity; such as the chest |
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| removal of a small piece of lung tissue for pathologic examination |
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| a two-part nuclear scan of the lungs to detect abnormalities of ventilation (respiration) or perfusion (blood flow) made after radioactive material is 1) injected in the patient’s blood, and 2) as the patient breathes radioactive material into the airways. Comparison of the two scans indicates whether an abnormality exists in the airways or the pulmonary circulation; commonly called a V/Q scan referring to ventilation/perfusion |
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| magnetic resonance image (MRI) |
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| nonionizing image of the lung to visualize lung lesions |
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| recording of various aspects of sleep (eye and muscle movements, respiration, brain wave patterns) for diagnosis of sleep disorders (somn/o = sleep) |
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| pulmonary function testing (PFT) |
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| direct and indirect measurements of lung volumes and capacities |
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| a direct measurement of lung volume and capacity |
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| amount of air exhaled after a normal inspiration |
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| amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration |
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| polysomnography = recording of various aspects of sleep (eye and muscle movements, respiration, brain wave patterns) for diagnosis of sleep disorders (somn/o = sleep) |
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| pulmonary function testing = direct and indirect measurements of lung volumes and capacities |
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| vital capacity = amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration |
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| measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration |
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| peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) |
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| measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration |
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| peak flow = measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration |
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| peak expiratory flow rate = measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration |
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| CT of the thorax is used to detect lesions in the lung; CT of the head is used to visualize the structures of the nose and sinuses |
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| x-ray of the blood vessels of lungs after injection of contrast material |
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| x-ray image of the chest to visualize the lungs; directional terms identify the path of the x-ray beam to produce the radiograph: PA (posterior-anterior): from back to front, AP (anterior-posterior): from front to back |
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| removal of a lobe of a lung |
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| removal of an entire lung |
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| puncture for aspiration of the chest (pleural cavity) |
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| repair of the chest involving fixation of the ribs |
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| endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity using a thoracoscope |
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| creation of an opening in the chest, usually to insert a tube |
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| excision of palatine tonsils |
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| tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T & A) |
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| excision of tonsils and adenoids |
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| creation of an opening in the trachea, usually to insert a tube |
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| incision into the trachea |
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| tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy |
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| cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) |
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| a method of artificial respiration and chest compressions to move oxygenated blood to vital body organs when breathing and the heart have stopped |
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| continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) |
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| a device that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages, commonly used during sleep to prevent airway closure in sleep apnea |
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| passage of a tube into the trachea via the nose or mouth to open the airway for delivering gas mixtures to the lungs (e.g., oxygen, anesthetics, or air) |
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| a common postoperative breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer to encourage the patient to inhale and hold an inspiratory volume to exercise the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications |
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| mechanical breathing using a ventilator |
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| cardiopulmonary resuscitation = a method of artificial respiration and chest compressions to move oxygenated blood to vital body organs when breathing and the heart have stopped |
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| continuous positive airway pressure = device that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages, commonly used during sleep to prevent airway closure in sleep apnea |
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| a drug that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms |
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| a drug that dissolves, or prevents the formation of, thrombi or emboli in the blood vessels (e.g., heparin) |
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| a drug that neutralizes or inhibits the effects of histamine |
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| a compound in the body that is released by injured cells in allergic reactions, inflammation, and so on, causing constriction of bronchial smooth muscle and dilation of blood vessels |
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| a drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi |
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| a drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing |
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