Term
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Definition
| all events concerned with getting oxygen to the cell and disposing of CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| the chemical processes of a cell that involve the transfer of energy from glucose to ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| includes all processes involved in pumping air in/out of the lungs |
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Term
| Where does gas exchange occur? |
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Definition
| In the lungs and capillary beds/networks |
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Term
| How do the dissolved gases of oxygen and CO2 move? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do large multicellular organisms, such as humans, need ventilation? |
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Definition
| Because they cannot rely on diffusion to meet the cell's needs. By having ventilation and a circulatory system, gases are able to be supplied to cells, and removed. Ventilation also creates a concentration gradient with the lungs for efficient exchange. |
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Term
| Where are the lungs situated? |
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Definition
| In the thoracic cavity, bound by the ribcage and the diaphragm. |
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Term
| What are the lungs covered with? |
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Definition
| A 2-layered membrane, called pleural membrane. |
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Term
| What is inspiration? Expiration? |
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Definition
| The movement of air into the lungs. Expiration is the movement of air out of the lungs. |
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Term
| How does inspiration/expiration occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does contraction of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm do? |
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Definition
| It flattens the diaphragm and raises the ribs, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and decreasing air pressure in the lungs; this results in the INWARD MOVEMENT of air (inhalation). |
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Term
| What does relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles do? |
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Definition
| Relaxes the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, reducing the volume of the thoracic cavity and increasing air pressure. This forces the OUTWARD movement of air (expiration). |
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Term
| Why is inhalation through the nose considered better than through the mouth? |
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Definition
| The nose helps to filter, warm, and moisten the air. |
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Term
| What is the air's passage to the trachea? |
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Definition
| It is inhaled through the nose/mouth to the pharynx. It then passes through the larynx (voice box) between folds of cartilage and past the epiglottis, into the trachea. |
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Term
| Describe the trachea structure. |
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Definition
| The main trachea branches into two bronchi, which supply each lung. These two bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller bronchi (secondary, tertiary). |
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Term
| What do major trachea contain? |
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Definition
| Major trachea contain cartilage to help keep the tube open/rigid. They are lined with ciliated mucous membranes. |
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Term
| What do the bronchi eventually lead to? What are their walls made of? |
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Definition
| They eventually lead to bronchioles, which lack cartilage of cilia. Their walls are made of smooth muscle. These bronchioles end in groups of air sacs. |
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Term
| What are the air sacs called? What is their structure? Their function? |
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Definition
| The air sac groups are called alveoli. They have very thin walls, just one layer of cells, that are surrounded by capillaries. |
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Term
| What is resting tidal volume? |
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Definition
| The volume of air breathed in/out in a single respiration at rest. |
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Term
| What is inspiratory reserve volume? |
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Definition
| The extra amount of air that can be taken in, with maximum effort. |
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Term
| What is expiratory reserve volume? |
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Definition
| The extra amount of air able to be exhaled (an unusual amount). |
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Term
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Definition
| The remaining air left in the lungs, even after maximum exhalation. |
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Term
| What does TLC stand for? What does it stand for? |
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Definition
| Total Lung Capacity. This is the total amount of air that the lungs can contain. |
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Term
| What does VC stand for? What does it mean? |
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Definition
| VC stands for vital capacity; this is the total amount of air a person can breathe in/out. |
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Term
| What does FRC stand for? What does it mean? |
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Definition
| FRC stands for function residual capacity; this is the total amount of air left in the lungs at the end of a normal exhalation. |
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Term
| Why are alveoli so important? |
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Definition
| Because they provide a large surface area; this means that large amounts of gas exchange can occur in a short period of time. |
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Term
| Why is it important to have a large amount of air supplied to this lungs? |
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Definition
| Because then the gas exchange at a more efficient rate. |
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Term
| Why do alveoli have thin walls? |
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Definition
| Makes gas exchange more efficient, the gases only have to travel a small distance. |
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Term
| Why are alveoli position deep in the lungs? |
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Definition
| This is because of reduced evaporation from the surfaces; gases can only diffuse in/out of blood in solution. |
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Term
| What happens as blood passes through capillaries located near air sacs? |
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Definition
| Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli. |
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Term
Haemoglobin + O2 ---> Oxyhaemoglobin.
Where does this reaction move to the right? Where does it move to the left? |
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Definition
| In the lungs the reaction moves to the right due to the high oxygen levels. In body tissues, it moves to the left as releases oxygen. |
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