Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The conducting air in and out of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What is external respiration and where does it occur? (on basic levels) |
|
Definition
| Gas exchange between the atmosphere and the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What is internal respiration and where does it occur? (on basic levels) |
|
Definition
| Gas exchange between the blood and cells |
|
|
Term
| With what portions of the respiratory system is air moved from external environment to lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the air that is taken in? |
|
Definition
| It is moistened, filtered, and warmed |
|
|
Term
| Are the conducting portions directly involved in gas exchange? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the internal respiratory portion, where does the gas exchange occur? (specific) |
|
Definition
| Between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What is the layer of tissue that lines most of the respiratory structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many types of epithelium is respiratory epithelium? |
|
Definition
| Pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated epithelium |
|
|
Term
| How many cell types are there in respiratory epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the six cell types that make up the respiratory epithelium. |
|
Definition
1 .Ciliated Columnar cells
2. Serous cells
3. Basal cells
4. Brush cells
5. Goblet cells
6. DNES (Diffuse Neuroendocrine) cells |
|
|
Term
| What do goblet cells produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does mucinogen and water make? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of a goblet cell. |
|
Definition
Narrow stem (basal region)
Expanded theca (upper region) |
|
|
Term
| Does it have any projections on its apical surface? |
|
Definition
| Yes, a few short, blunt microvilli |
|
|
Term
| Which cell type of the respiratory epithelium has a basally located nucleus, that is circular and located in the lower third of the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two processes does it have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cilia move mucus trapped matter forward to the nasopharynx |
|
|
Term
| When do the cilia previously mentioned not work very well? (weather related) |
|
Definition
| They don't operate as well in cold weather, and that is why your nose runs in very cold temperatures |
|
|
Term
| Which vel type has narrow columnar cells with tall microvilli? *hint: tall or "bushy" like microvilli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are they believed to function in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells are short w/ an apical surface that doesn't reach the lumen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They serve as regenerative cells, that can replace goblet cells, ciliated columnar cells, and brush cells) |
|
|
Term
| Why can basal cells serve as regenerative cells? (they are a special type of cell) |
|
Definition
| They are undifferentiated stem cells |
|
|
Term
| Describe the shape and projection type of the Serous cells. |
|
Definition
| Columnar cells with microvilli |
|
|
Term
| There are various types of DNES cells, what do they do? |
|
Definition
| They release pharmacological agents that control function of other respiratory epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| What tissue layer is found underneath the respiratory epithelium |
|
Definition
| The Lamina Propria of the respiratory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What type of tissue makes of the lamina propria of the res. epithelium? |
|
Definition
| Loose Areolar Connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| Is this tissue layer vascularized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What glands and nodules are found in the lamina propria of the respiratory epithelium? |
|
Definition
| Serous glands and Lymphoid nodules |
|
|
Term
| What cell types are found there? |
|
Definition
| Mast cells and plasma cells |
|
|
Term
| What do mast cells and plasma cells do? |
|
Definition
| They protect mucosa from inhaled antigens and microbial invasions |
|
|
Term
| What is the next layer of tissue (After the lamina propria of res. epithelium)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it line and is it limited in distribution? |
|
Definition
| Lines to roof of the nasal cavity, the superior aspect of the septum, and superior conchae/ Much more limited in distribution than res. epithelium |
|
|
Term
| How many cell types are found in Olfactory epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the three cell types of the olfactory epithelium. |
|
Definition
1. Olfactory cells
2. Sustentacular cells
3. Basal cells |
|
|
Term
| What type of neurons are olfactory cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the apical aspect modified? |
|
Definition
| It forms a bulb or olfactory vesicle |
|
|
Term
| Where does the the bulb or vesicle project from |
|
Definition
| It projects from the surface of sustentacular cells |
|
|
Term
| Describe the nucleus of the olfactory cells. |
|
Definition
| Spherical nucleus located closer to the basal lamina than that of the olfactory vesicle |
|
|
Term
| What type and how many cilia do they have? |
|
Definition
| 7 to 8, non-motile Olfactory cilia |
|
|
Term
| Where do these olfactory cilia lie? |
|
Definition
| Extend from the cell and lie on epithelial surface |
|
|
Term
| What can be found in the basal region of the olfactory cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They penetrate basal lamina and joins other axons to form bundles of nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
What cell type has tall columnar cells w/ microvilli and oval nuclei in the apical 3rd of the cell?
*hint: above the olfactory cell nuclei from the basal lamina) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of granules do they have? |
|
Definition
| Secretory granules w/ yellow pigment |
|
|
Term
| What do sustentacular cells form? |
|
Definition
| Form junctional complexes w/ olfactory cells and other sustentacular cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of sustentacular cells? |
|
Definition
| Physical support, Nourishment, and electrical insulation for olfactory cells |
|
|
Term
| Basal cells are short,_________, basophilic cells (*hint: shape) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is true about the apical surface of basal cells? |
|
Definition
| Apical surface doesn't reach lumen |
|
|
Term
| Where is the nuclei centrally located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of basal cells? |
|
Definition
| Function as stem cells (regenerative cells) |
|
|
Term
| What do olfactory epithelium basal cells regenerate? |
|
Definition
| Both olfactory and sustentacular cells |
|
|
Term
| What is found under the olfactory epithelium? |
|
Definition
| The Lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What tissue is it made of |
|
Definition
| Loose to dense irregular connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What elements are in the lamina propria of the olf. epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind axons does it have? |
|
Definition
| Axons of the olfactory cells |
|
|
Term
| What important glands does it have? and what do they do? |
|
Definition
| Bowman's glands/ They make a serous secretion that "refreshes" the olfactory cilia to prevent a single stimulus from repeated response |
|
|
Term
| What cavity is divided into right and left halves by a septum. Name the septum too. |
|
Definition
| Nasal cavity/ nasal septum |
|
|
Term
| What does each half consist of? |
|
Definition
| A laterally bony wall and cartilaginous Ala |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They communicate w/ the nares anteriorly and the nasopharynx |
|
|
Term
| List the four projection types of the lateral wall in the nasal cavity. |
|
Definition
1.Nasal conchae
2.Vestibule
3.Paranasal sinuses
4.Pharynx |
|
|
Term
| List the paranasal sinuses |
|
Definition
1.Frontal
2.Ethmoid
3.Spheroid
4.Maxilla |
|
|
Term
| What type of wall is the Nasal Conchae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In Bony shelves (superior, middle, and inferior shelves) |
|
|
Term
| What is the dilated anterior portion of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What all is the vestibule lined with? |
|
Definition
| Skin: sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and Vibrissae (short stiff hairs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are paranasal sinuses lined with? |
|
Definition
| W/ respiratory epithelium (continuous) |
|
|
Term
| What do the paranasal sinuses do? |
|
Definition
| Communicate with the nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
| Where does the pharynx begin and end? |
|
Definition
| It begins at the Choana and extends to Glottis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nasopharynx: lined with respiratory epithelium
-communicates with the paranasal sinuses
-Include pharyngeal tonsil (un-encapsulated lymphoid tissue) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx |
|
Definition
| lined by stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What does the Oropharynx communicate with? The laryngopharynx? |
|
Definition
| The oral cavity/ the larynx |
|
|
Term
| Describe what tissue makes up the lamina propria of all 3 regions of the Pharynx. |
|
Definition
| Loose to dense irregular connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shirt, rigid tube that is involved in phonation and prevents food from entering the respiratory system when you swallow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What important parts does it house? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What covers the opening of the larynx to keep food and liquid out of the lungs? |
|
Definition
| The epiglottis covers the glottis (the opening of the larynx) |
|
|
Term
| List the 6 cartilages that reinforces the wall of the larynx? |
|
Definition
1. Thyroid
2. Cricoid
3. Epiglottis
4. Cuneiform
5. Arytenoid
6.Corniculate |
|
|
Term
| Describe why there are really 9 cartilages and what type of cartilage it is |
|
Definition
Thyroid= single; hyaline (1)
Cricoid= single; hyaline (1)
Epiglottis=single; elastic (1)
Cuneiform=double; elastic (2)
Arytenoid= double; hyaline and elastic (2)
Corniculate= double; elastic (2) |
|
|
Term
| What is true sometimes about the Arytenoid and Corniculate cartilages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are located in the superior regions of the larynx? *Hint: they are inn-movable |
|
Definition
| The vestibular folds or false vocal cords |
|
|
Term
| What are the false vocal cords line with? |
|
Definition
| Lined w/ respiratory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What are the true vocal cords? (another name for them) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the vocal folds located? |
|
Definition
| The inferior region of the larynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Air moves over the cords, causing vibrations that make the sound |
|
|
Term
| What causes a deeper pitched voice? |
|
Definition
| Longer and more relaxed vocal folds or true vocal cords |
|
|
Term
| What are the vocal folds line with (well the majority of it) |
|
Definition
| Stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What lines the lingual surface of the epiglottis and what is its purpose? |
|
Definition
| Stratified squamous epithelium and it serves as protection |
|
|
Term
| What lines the rest of the epiglottis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the respiratory system is rounded anteriorly and flattened posteriorly and consists of ____ to ____ C-shaped hyaline cartilages to support the wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the open ends of the cartilages connected by? |
|
Definition
| Open ends are connected by the Trachealis Muscle (smooth muscle) |
|
|
Term
| How are adjacent cartilages connected? What does this permit? |
|
Definition
| Adjacent cartilages connected by fibroelastic connective tissue between the perichondrium of each/ Allows or permits the elongation of trachea during inspiration |
|
|
Term
| List the 3 layers of the wall of the trachea |
|
Definition
| Mucosa, Submucosa, and the Adventitia |
|
|
Term
| Describe the cell layers in the Mucosa of the trachea |
|
Definition
Epithelium: respiratory epithelium
Lamina propria: loose fibroelastic connective tissue w/ lymphoid elements, mucous, and seromucous glands
-thick bundle of elastic fibers SEPARATE mucosa from submucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dense irregular fibroelastic conn. tiss. w/ mucous and seromucous glands
-rich blood and lymph supply (highly vascularized) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fibroelastic conn. tissue
-C-shaped hyaline cartilage supports
-Anchors trachea to adjacent structures |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary bronchi? Identical to what with what exceptions? What are they lined with? |
|
Definition
Extra-pulmonary (outside of lungs) and are identical to trachea in structure but much smaller diameter and thinner walls
They are also line with respiratory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Name the two primary bronchi |
|
Definition
| Right primary Bronchus and Left primary Bronchus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Right Primary Bronchus. |
|
Definition
Straighter and wider than the left
-Trifurcates (branches 3 times) so it enters 3 lobes of the right lunds as secondary bronchi |
|
|
Term
| Describe the left primary bronchus |
|
Definition
| Left: Bifurcates (enters the 2 lobes of the left lung as secondary bronchi |
|
|
Term
| What is another name of the secondary bronchi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intrapulmonary (within the lungs= entered lobes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What replaces the C-shaped cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there a flattened surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two bands of what are located at the interface between lamina propria and submucosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What elements are present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What glands are in the lamina propria of the submucosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the next branchings of the bronchi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do tertiary bronchi lead to? |
|
Definition
| lead to the discrete section of lung tissue (Bronchopulmonary segment) |
|
|
Term
| How man tertiary bronchi per lung |
|
Definition
| 10 tertiary bronchi per lung |
|
|
Term
| Are they separated from each other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They help to limit the spread of disease |
|
|
Term
| What generation of branches of the bronchial tree are the primary bronchioles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the large primary bronchioles lined with? Small? |
|
Definition
Large: lined w/ respiratory epithelium
Small: Simple cuboidal ciliated with Clara cells and no goblet cells |
|
|
Term
| Describe the shape of the surface of the Clara cells |
|
Definition
| Columnar cells w/ domed -shaped free surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yes, short, blunt microvilli |
|
|
Term
| What functions do clara cells have? |
|
Definition
Degrade toxins in inhaled air
-Produce Surfactant like material that decreases surface tension
-Regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Describe the lamina propria of the primary bronchioles |
|
Definition
No glands
-Smooth muscle: helically oriented layers |
|
|
Term
| What do terminal bronchioles mark the end of? |
|
Definition
| Solely air conducting passage ways |
|
|
Term
| What is found in their epithelium? |
|
Definition
| Clara cells and cuboidal cells (some w/ cilia) |
|
|
Term
| Describe their Lamina Propria |
|
Definition
-Narrow
-Fibroelastic connective tissue surrounded by 1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the transitional terminal bronchioles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are they similar to? What is the difference? |
|
Definition
| Structure similar to terminal bronchiole but wall interrupted by alveoli |
|
|
Term
| What type of air ways are they? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do they function in? |
|
Definition
| Conduct air and function in gas exchange |
|
|
Term
| What are the alveoli lined by? |
|
Definition
| Alveoli line w/ simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What is found between the alveoli |
|
Definition
| Simple cuboidal epitherlium |
|
|
Term
| What are the alveolar ducts composed of? |
|
Definition
| A linear arrangement of alveoli |
|
|
Term
| What is oriented around the opening of each alveolus? |
|
Definition
| Single, smooth muscle cell |
|
|
Term
| How do the alveolar ducts end? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be found inside the alveolar ducts and its functions? |
|
Definition
-Alveolar sacs reinforce alveolar ducts
-Connective tissue w/ elastic fibers
-Maintain latency during inhalation
-Protection from damage during distention
-Responsible for non-forced exhalation |
|
|
Term
| What are the blind-ended pouches of one to two small clusters of alveoli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What common space do they open into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What portion of the bronchiole tree do they make up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This respiratory region is where gas exchange occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, and Alveolar sacs |
|
|
Term
| How thick are the cell walls of the alveoli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many alveoli in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are they often pressed against each other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the airspace between the 2 alveoli communicate? |
|
Definition
| Via alveolar Pores of Kohn |
|
|
Term
| What do pores of Kohn do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are they thought to be open in normal or healthy lungs? |
|
Definition
| Controversial whether or not they are open in normal lungs |
|
|
Term
| Potential route of communication between? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells are Type I Alveolar cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the cells the site of? |
|
Definition
| Gas exchange between lungs and blood |
|
|
Term
| What percentage does type I cover of the alveolar surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do occluding junctions prevent? |
|
Definition
| Seepage of extracellular fluid into the alveoli |
|
|
Term
| What type of cells are Type II alveolar cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of the alveolar surface, do they cover? But what's true about their numbers? |
|
Definition
| 3% but they outnumber Type I cells |
|
|
Term
| What do type II cells form with Type I |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is prominent in their nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secrete what? How is it released? What does it do? |
|
Definition
Surfactant= released by exocytosis
It decreases surface tension in alveoli so it prevents the alveoli from collapsing |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for "Dust cells" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| From the Type I alveolar cells to the alveolar lumen |
|
|
Term
| What do they become once in the lumen? |
|
Definition
| Phagocytes of dust, other particulate matter, and bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What else do they phagocytize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many alveolar macrophages migrate into the bronchi every day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| By ciliary action to the Pharynx (coughing and sneezing) |
|
|
Term
| What two things make up the Blood-Gas barrier? |
|
Definition
| Type I alveolar cells and Endothelial cells of the pulmonary capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What is true about their basal laminas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the total length of the capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contains how much blood though? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does thin blood allow for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two serous membranes enclosing each lung? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the parietal pleura adhere to? |
|
Definition
| The wall of the thoracic cavity |
|
|
Term
| What does the visceral pleura adhere to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do they both secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What holds the 2 lays together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Made of what type of tissue? |
|
Definition
| Simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
