Term
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Definition
| physical process in which oxygen moves into internal environment and carbon dioxide moves out |
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Term
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Definition
| down their pressure gradients |
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Term
| gases enter and leave the body by |
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Definition
| diffusing down pressure gradients and leave the body across respiratory membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| greater surface area and pressure gradients, faster the diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure exerted by the weight of the air on objects on earths surface |
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Term
| atmospheric pressure at sea level |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.04 % carbon dioxide and 0.96% other gases |
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Term
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Definition
| the contribution of each gas to the total atmospheric pressure (atmospheric pressure multiplied by percent abundance, divided by 100) |
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Term
| as animal size increase, surface to volume ratio |
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of animals can use the body surface as their respiratory surface |
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Definition
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Term
| besides using specialized structures, how can larger animals increase diffustion of oxygen into blood? |
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Definition
| by using transport pigments |
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Term
| what are the two types of transport pigments? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| able to bind 4 oxygen molecules to each blood cell, absorbs oxygen in lungs and quickly transported to rest of the body, oxygen diffuses away from blood as encounters oxygen poor environments |
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Term
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Definition
| has high oxygen storage capacity, found mostly in cardiac and skeletal muscle to resist fatigue |
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Term
| does oxygen normally dissolve well in blood |
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Definition
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Term
| what is used to boost oxygen dissolution in blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| how is oxyhemoglobin formed? |
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Definition
| in lungs, oxygen first diffuses into plasma then into red blood cells with hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| stays dissolved in the blood |
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Term
| 30% of carbon dioxide binds to what to form carbamino hemoglobin |
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Definition
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Term
| 60% of carbon dioxide is transported int he form of... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| gasses diffuse directly across itegument |
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Term
| examples of animals that use integumentary exchange: |
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Definition
| flatworms, earthworms, and other smaller invertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
| have increased respiratory area for diffusion of gasses |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| gills are only useful in what kind of environments? |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of internal respiratory surfaces in invertebrates |
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Definition
| booklungs in spiders, tracheal system (tubes branch into body and dead end where gasses diffuse directly into tissues |
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Term
| fish gill: internal or external |
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Definition
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Term
| fish draw water in through |
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Definition
| their mouth, then passes it over gills |
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Term
| fish gills, counter current flow |
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Definition
| blood flows opposite direction of water over gill filaments, enhances uptake of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| force air into lungs by raising and lowering mouth floor |
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Term
| describe the steps of amphibina respiration: |
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Definition
| lowers mouth floor, air moves into mouth through nostrils, closes nostrils and raises mouth floor, air pushed into lungs, muscles surrounding lungs contract, air pushed out of body through nostrils and mouth |
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Term
| in frogs, how is carbon dioxide respiration usually accomplished? |
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Definition
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Term
| where did the lung originate? |
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Definition
| in some fishes as outpouching from gut wall |
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Term
| how do capillaries contribute to the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| they absorb oxygen and dump carbon dioxide into the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| chamber where air is initially moistened warmed and filtered before sent to lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| throat, airway connecting nasal cavity with mouth and larnyx |
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Term
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Definition
| airway connecting trachea with two bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
| airway that branches into two lungs continues to branch into smaller bronchioles |
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Term
| bronchioles terminate into over 300 million tiny sacs called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sheet of muscle between abdominal cavity and thoracic cavity, contraction and relaxation causes inhalation and exhalation |
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Term
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Definition
| alveolar epithelium, capillary endothelium, basement membranes |
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Term
| how well do oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across these respiratory membranes? |
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Definition
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Term
| breathing occurs in a cyclic pattern called the |
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Definition
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Term
| each respiratory cycle consists of two processes: |
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Definition
| inhalation and exhalation |
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Term
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Definition
| active, energy requiring process brought about by contraction of diaphragm and other muscles |
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Term
| actions brought about by contraction of the diaphragm |
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Definition
| increases colume of thoracic cavity, pressure gradient increases, air forced into lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| passive process, brought about by relaxation of diaphragm and other muscles |
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Term
| relzxation of the diaphragm causes: |
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Definition
| rib cage to recoil, lung colume to decrease, air flow down pressure gradient out of lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| other thoracic muscles contract and cause rib cage to compress more than normal. more air expelled through lungs |
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Term
| at rest intrapulmonary pressure is |
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Definition
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Term
| at rest inrapleural pressure is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pressure inside pleural cavity |
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Term
| what mush be maintained in order to keep lungs pushing against thoracic cavity |
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Definition
| difference in intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure |
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Term
| during inhalation, intrapulmonary pressure |
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Definition
| drops, thus air is brought into lungs through bulk flow |
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Term
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Definition
| intrapulmonary pressure increases so air moves out of lungs through bulk flow |
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Term
| when is gas exchange most effecient |
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Definition
| when rate of air flow match rate of blood flow |
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Term
| what sets breathing rhythym? |
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Definition
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Term
| what fine tunes breathing rhythym? |
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Definition
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Term
| magnitute (rate and depth) of breathing depends on concentration of |
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Definition
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Term
| when brain detects hydrogen ions |
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Definition
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Term
| if carotid bodies and aortic bodies sense drop in oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
| lungs can hold how many liters of air |
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Definition
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Term
| lungs only hold how many liters when breathing at rest |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| volume of lungs during normal inhalaition or exhalation |
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Term
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Definition
| volume of lungs after maximum inhalation (minus tidal volume) |
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Term
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Definition
| volume of air exhaled through lungs after normal tidal exhalation |
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Term
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Definition
| total volume of air that can be expelled by lungs that have been filled to their maximum level |
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