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Respiratory System - 2 hrs
Morrow 2/28 lecture
137
Histology
Undergraduate 4
02/23/2011

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Cards

Term
outgrowth of the GI tract
Definition
what does the respiratory tract originate as embryologically?
Term
air conduction, filtration, gas exchange
Definition
primary functions of the respiratory system
Term
olfaction in nasal cavity
& phonation from larynx
Definition
secondary functions of the respiratory tract
Term
larynx
Definition
another name for the voicebox
Term
vocalization (speech) - a secondary function of the resp. system
Definition
what is phonation?
Term
cellular
Definition
respiration is divided into mechanical respiration and _____ respiration
Term
mechanical respiration
Definition
respiration associated with lungs, function sin gas exchange (O2 and CO2)
Term
cellular respiration
Definition
O2 is carried to tissues to do this type of respiration where oxidative metabolism creates ATP, energy
Term
diaphragm
Definition
thin dome shaped muscle that separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity in MAMMALS
Term
inspiration
Definition
with ___ intercostal muscles contract
Term
diaphragm contracts too, and ribs raise, creating a negative pressure due to an increase in volume
Definition
when the intercostal muscles contract, what also contracts, do the ribs raise or lower, and does this create a negative pressure or positive?
Term
expiration
Definition
with ____ intercostal muscles relax
Term
increases
Definition
during expiration the diaphragm relaxes, decreasing intrathoracic volume by lowering the ribs, does this increase or drecrease intrathoracic pressure?
Term
simple squamous mesothelium
Definition
pelural cavities are line with what type of "-thelium"
Term
thin layer of CT with elastic fibers
Definition
what is underneath the mesothelium of the pleural cavities?
Term
lubricant that decreases friction
Definition
purpose of pleural fluid
Term
negative
Definition
pleural space normally contains a partial vacuum, creating a ______ intrathoracic pressure assisting with inspiration
Term
pneumothorax
Definition
what happens if the pleural space is breached?
Term
pneumothorax
Definition
increased intrathoracic pressure, difficulty breathing, and collapsed lung
Term
mediastinum
Definition
loose CT layer separating left and right hemithoraces
Term
the medistinumdivides the two lungs
Definition
why do pneumothroax remain unilateral?
Term
external nares
Definition
what is another name for the nostrils?
Term
vestibule
Definition
the external nares open up to this structure which contains hairs that help filter and trap particulate matter (sometimes called sinus hairs, incorrectly called vibrissae)
Term
vibrissae
Definition
sinus hairs, meaning the hair follicle is surrounded by a blood-filled sinus

-large sensory hairs (whiskers) on dogs, cats, and rodents
Term
nasal cavity
Definition
where does air go from the vestibule?
Term
nasal turbinates/conchae
Definition
thin scroll shaped bones in the nasal cavity
Term
moist, pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar EPIthelium covered with mucus

also brush cells
Definition
what type of "-thelia" lines the nasal cavity?
Term
bipolar
Definition
what type of neurons are olfactory receptors?
Term
nasal cavity
Definition
where are olfactory receptors found?
Term
generalized sensory cells of olfactory and respiratory epithelia

-columnar cells with apical microvilli, found in nasal cavity
Definition
what are brush cells, and where are they found?
Term
paranasal sinuses & nasopharynx
Definition
where does air go from the nasal cavity?
Term
paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx
Definition
what structures filter, humidify, and warm inspired air?
Term
nasopharynx
Definition
connects to middle ear via eustachian tubes allowing equilibration of pressure
Term
respiratory epithelium--pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia with mucus secreting goblet cells
Definition
what "-thelia" lines the entire upper respiratory tract?
Term
loose
Definition
what type of CT supports the respiratory epithelia?
Term
sero-mucus - secrete mixed mucus and watery products made in different ascini
Definition
what special type of glands are found in the upper respiratory tract?
Term
larynx
Definition
where does the lower respiratory tract begin?
Term
where upper and lower resp. tracts meet (larynx)
Definition
where does the digestive tract intersect with the respiratory tract?
Term
directly behind it
Definition
where is the opening of the esophagus in relationship to the trachea?
Term
epiglottis
Definition
this protects the trachea during swallowing by covering the opening of the larynx
Term
you choke, duh
Definition
what happens if food enters the trachea?
Term
Heimlich maneuver or emergency tracheotomy (cut hole in jugular/suprasternal notch in the midline, then shove a straw in basically)
Definition
to treat choking, what should you do?
Term
thyroid, cricoid, epiglottic
Definition
list the 3 single cartilages of the larynx
Term
arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
Definition
list the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx
Term
elastic cartilage
Definition
what types of cartilage form the cartilage structures of the larynx?
Term
larynx
Definition
this houses both the true and false vocal chords
Term
glottis
Definition
dorsal opening of the larynx
Term
larynx
Definition
located below the glottis and covered by the epiglottis
Term
superior and lateral
Definition
where are the false vocal chords located in relationship to the true vocal chords?
Term
phonation and protection of the lower respiratory tract from entry of foreign bodies
Definition
what are the functions of the vocal chords?
Term
false: respiratory epithelium
true + epi: stratified squamous, nonkeritanized epithelium
Definition
what type of "-thelia" covers the false vocal chords? the epiglottis & true vocal chords?
Term
4th and 6th pharyngeal arches
Definition
what embryological structures do the larynx and epiglottis develop from?
Term
branches of the vagus nerve

portion from the 4th arch = superior laryngeal nerve
portion from 6th arch = recurrent laryngeal nerve
Definition
what innervates the larynx?
Term
trachea, lined with resp. epithelium and goblet cells
Definition
what respiratory tract structure lies inferior to the larynx, and what is it lined with?
Term
hyaline cartilage
Definition
what type of cartilage forms C-shaped rings with the gap facing caudally for swallowing?
Term
CT membrane, smooth muscle, trachealis muscle
Definition
what 3 things are contained in the caudal opening of the trachea?
Term
labrynth organs
Definition
some fish swallow air and absorb it in the capillaries of the gut, what organs were in the siamese fighting fish (Betta fish)?
Term
holes in the abdomen that link to a tracheal system that gets smaller until terminating at the extracellular area near target cells

this relies on difusion limiting the size of bugs
Definition
what do insects have instead of lungs? what does this have to do with their size?
Term
need O2 for oxidative metabolism
Definition
why do we have to breathe?
Term
protect soft squishy lungs
Definition
purpose or the ribs
Term
diaphragm meat
Definition
what meat is used to make fajitas traditionally?
Term
their elastic recoil sucks because the elastic fibers have broken down over time
Definition
why do old people have to forcefully exhale and make a bunch of noise when breathing?
Term
pneumothorax
Definition
if there is a positive pressure in the chest, what happens?
Term
lighten the skull, especially in horses
Definition
function of the sinuses that doesn't have to do with breathing
Term
it increases abdominal pressure and secondarily increases thoracic pressure forcing lung, and hopefully the steak/ham sandwich out
Definition
how does the Heimlich maneuver fix you if you are eating a ham sandwich and talking to your friend and not paying attention? (or chewing steak that was poorly prepared and not very tender)
Term
Midline, and the intersegmental membrane between cartilage

the thyroid is here and some vessels you don't want to nick, but it will likely be bloody
Definition
where should you aim with an emergency trachiotomy?
Term
larynx
Definition
what structure increases in size in males during puberty that is helpful to identify in a bar?
Term
they bang together and undergo abrasive forces, the false vocal chords do not have as much abrasion occuring
Definition
why do the true vocal chords and epiglottis have thicker epithelium?
Term
collapsing trachea (non-cartilage side collapses and sticks), the little dog could suffocate to death, this can happen to people too
Definition
what happens to yippie dogs that have been bread a lot, or some people due to the C shaped trachea cartilage becoming U shaped?
Term
primary bronchi or mainstem bronchi that branch off the trachea
Definition
which air vessels are extrapulmonary?
Term
secondary (lobar) bronchi and tertiary (segmental) bronchi
Definition
what air vessels are known as intrapulmonary?
Term
bronchi
Definition
can be identified by presence of supporting cartilage rings or plates and accompanying layer of smooth muscle (+/- seromucus glands)
Term
larynx, trachea, bronchi

-prevents collapse during inspiration
Definition
where is cartilage found in the respiratory tract? what is its function?
Term
beyond tertiary bronchi
Definition
where does cartilage stop in the lungs?
Term
respiratory epithelium with goblet cells
Definition
what "-thelium" lines bronchi?
Term
upper
Definition
air in the ______ respiratory tract is not used for gas exchange, called anatomical dead space
Term
150 mL
Definition
average volumne of anatomical dead space
Term
bronchi: cartilage, goblet cells & glands
bronchiole(everything beyond segmental 3' bronchi): lacks cartilage, lacks seromucus glands
Definition
how are bronchi and bronchiole distinguished?
Term
smooth muscle
Definition
what supports bronchioles to prevent their collapse?
Term
Trachea
Mainstem bronchi
lobar bronchi
segmental bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli
Definition
describe the names of bronchi/bronchioles from big to small starting with trachea
Term
0.2 nm
Definition
how big are alveoli?
Term
epithelia thins, decrease in the other two
Definition
as bronchioles get smaller, what happens to epithelium, goblet cells and submucosal sero-mucus glands?
Term
tall, pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium
Definition
"-thelia of terminal bronchioles"
Term
simple, cuboidal to columnar, ciliated and non ciliated epithelium with ocassional alveoli
Definition
"-thelia" of respiratory bronchioles
Term
contain numerous alveoli lined with simple, squamous epithelium
Definition
"-thelia" of alveolar ducts
Term
Clara cells -non-ciliated, dome shaped, cuboidal cells
Definition
what replaces goblet cells in terminal and respiratory bronchioles?
Term
lipoproteins
Definition
Clara cells have secretory granules that metamorphose into ____ the primary component of surfactant within airways
Term
1)prevents airways from sticking together
2)decreases O2 tension to facilitate gas exchange
3) keeps cells moist for gas exchange
Definition
purpose of surfactant
Term
makes component of surfactant, also function as reserve cells capable of differentiating into other respiratory cells following damage
Definition
purpose of Clara cells
Term
Kulchitsky or K cells
Definition
historical remnants of evolutionary origins from gut, part of the diffuse enteroendocrine system that secrets GI hormones
Term
brush cells
Definition
generalized sensory cells that are columnar with apical microvilli
Term
mucosal/Bronchiolar associated lymphoid tissue

found in lamina propria layer of subepithelial CT
Definition
MALT/BALT strands for what? where is it found?
Term
secretes IgA onto the mucosal surface to provide protection from micro-organisms
Definition
primary function of MALT
Term
muscularis mucosae
Definition
what layer, deep to the mucosa is especially prominant in small airways of respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
Term
muscularis mucosae in small airways
Definition
controls luminal diameter of airways and resistance to airflow
-regulates alveiolar air movement, takes over support function of cartilage
Term
respiratory bronchioles
Definition
where does gas exchange begin?
Term
simple squamous epithelium
Definition
"-thelia" that lines alveolar ducts and alveoli
Term
the capillaries supplied by pulmonary arteries
Definition
what blood vessel supplies the capillaries around alveoli?
Term
alveolar septa
Definition
walls between alveoli
Term
Type 1 - covere 95 %
Definition
what type of pneumocyte composes the simple squamous epithelia on most of the tennis court alveolar surface?
Term
flattened for gas exchange
Definition
what are type 1 pneumocytes specialized for?
Term
2 cells: type 1 pneumocytes of alveoli & endothelial cell ining the capillaries with a shared, fused, basement membrane
Definition
what makes the air-blood barrier?
Term
alveolar septa, allow communicating spaces between alveoli
Definition
where are alveolar pores(pores of Kohn) found? what do they do?
Term
type 2
Definition
which is bigger Type 1 or 2 pneumocyte?
Term
type 2 pneumocytes
Definition
larger, round, domed chaped cells covering 5% of surface area of lung
Term
they posess lamellar bodies (intercytoplasmic granules) containing phospholipid secreted as surfactant
Definition
what are type 2 pneumocytes specialized for?
Term
their lungs dry out and type 1 pneumocytes die and obstruct the airway because they cannot make surfactant

(why babies hang out in incubators in the NICU)
Definition
what is the problem in respiratory distress syndrome in infants?
Term
fixed tissue macrophages that phagocytose particulate matter and microbes
Definition
what are dust cells?
Term
50 million/day, mucocilliary ladder
Definition
how many and how are alveolar macrophages eliminated from the body?
Term
metachronal rhythm
Definition
cilia in the respiratory epithelium of trachea and bronchi beat synchronously in ______ _____
Term
1cm/min

this is what makes you swallow periodically
Definition
how fast does the surface mucus layer move due to ciliary action?
Term
indirect in the interstitium of alveolar septa
Definition
where is the lymphatic drainage of alveoli?
Term
secndary system of lymphatics in the viscerla pleura
Definition
how does the pleural space drain fluid?
Term
1) pleural effusion
2)pulmonary edema

(both common with pneumonia)
Definition
what is caused by lymphatic obstruction?
Term
pleural effusion
Definition
fluid buildup in the pleural space
Term
pulmonary edema
Definition
fluid buildup in the alveoli of the lungs
Term
a horizontal line at the top of the fluid level
Definition
how can you identify a pleural effusion on an x-ray?
Term
increase opacity/interstitial pattern usually worse in the bottom half that can affect 1 or more lobes
Definition
how can you identify pulmonary edema in an x ray?
Term
infections associated with pneumonia that cause decreased viscosity of production of pleural fluid -> friction and adhesions between pleural layers
Definition
what causes pleurisy?
Term
there are connective tisue tags that anchor the lung to the thoracic wall
Definition
what happens when pleurisy heals?
Term
sneeze reflex
cough reflex
Definition
what does irritation to the upper airways(nasal passages) trigger? the lower(trachea and bronchi)?
Term
75-100 mph
Definition
how fast can air go when coughed or sneezed out?
Term
anthracosis
Definition
disease originally seen in coal miners from inhaling coal dust, now common in urban environments
Term
silicic acid
Definition
in silicosis, asbestosis, and anthracosis, there are sharp crystals difficult to phagocytose -> fibrosis due to accumulation of ______ in the lungs
Term
it stimulates fibroblasts proliferation and collagen production
Definition
what does silicic acid promote in the lungs?
Term
increased mucus production -> smokers hack

cilia lose synchronicity then die, eventually metaplasia occurs
Definition
what does smoking do to mucus production? cilia?
Term
stratified squamous epithelia

it is more resistant to physical stress
physical trauma [chronic coughing] chemical/thermal insult[smoke] can cause this

metaplasia
Definition
what is the normal respiratory epithelia of the upper respiratory tract replaced with in chronic smokers? why? what is this process called?
Term
metaplasia, in smoking this is enhanced because cigarettes contain carcinogens
Definition
replacement of one tissue type by another, can be the first step in neoplasia
Term
smoking
Definition
primary cause of lung cancer and emphysema
Term
emphysema
Definition
characterized by permanant enlargement of alveoli leading to bulla formation
Term
chronic obstruction of air flow leads to destruction of alveolar septa and decreased surface area for gas exchange
Definition
what causes emphysema?
Term
usually initiated by chronic inhalation of particulate matter (smoke, dust) leading to mucus accumulation and destruction of alveolar wall due to release of lysosomal enzymes from neutrophils and macrophages
Definition
what obstructs the airways in emphysema?
Term
Asthma
Definition
characterized by chronic airway obstruction, inflammation, or irritation and increased respinsiveness leading to exaggerated bronchoconstriction
Term
formation of antigen-antibody complexes on cell membranes that require phagocytosis
Definition
what initiates asthma?
Term
mast cells and eosinophils
Definition
presents in large numbers in submucosa in asthmatics, can be present with other inflammatory cells
Term
histamine and SRS
Definition
irritation causes mast cells to release ______ and ____ leading to smooth muscle contraction of bronchioles and vasodilation leading to an acute asthma attack
Term
eosinophils -eosinophil derrived inhibitor
Definition
counteracts the effects of histamine with histaminase and ______ that inhibits mast cell degranulation.
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