Term
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Definition
| requries O2 as INPUT and CO2 as waste. Ventilation takes in O2 and expels CO2 (inspiration & expiration) |
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Term
| Cellular respiration formula |
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP + Heat |
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Term
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Definition
| one cycle of inspiration and expiration- quiet breathing-at rest and forced respiration-during exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| Flow of air in and out of lungs requires a pressure difference between air pressure within the lungs and outside body. |
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Term
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Definition
| We inhale whe the pressure outside of the lung is greater than the pressure inside the lung |
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Term
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Definition
| we exhale when the pressure outside of the lung is less than the pressure inside the lung |
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Term
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Definition
| due to expansion or contraction of the chest cavity, changing the volume and pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| When the diaphram contracts it pulls your lungs, as lungs expand the pressure in your lungs drops |
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Term
| Input respiration centers |
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Definition
| located in the medulla oblongata and pons, You receive input from the limbic system and hypothalamus (respiration effects pain and emotion) |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulate vagal efferents to medulla and results in bronchoconstruction or coughing (e.g. in respiratory mucosa irritations) |
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Term
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Definition
| In airways-inflation reflex- excessive inflation triggers reflex, stops inspiration |
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Term
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Definition
| Monitor blood pH, CO2, and O2 levels |
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Term
| Peripheral Chemoreceptors |
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Definition
| Found at the Aortic arch (signal medulla by vagus nerve) and Carotid bodies (signal medulla by glossopharyngeal nerve) They monitor pH and CO2 but importantly monitor O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| In MEDULLA, primarily monitor pH of CSF, pH of CSF due primarily to CO2 levels-Side note-CO2 determines whether you breath or not!!! |
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Term
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Definition
| Ventral respiratory group-sets the basic rythum for breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| Dorsal respiratory group-recieves info and tells VRG to modify breathing rythum |
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Term
| Pontine Respiratory group |
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Definition
| Fine tunes the VGR, smooths transitions between inspiration and expiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| airborn irritants, cold air, parasym NS stimulation, Histamine causes BRONCHOCONSTRICTION not bronchodilation. (histamine causes vasodilation in blood vessels). |
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Term
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Definition
| sympathetic Nerves, epinephrine! |
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Term
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Definition
| fills conducting division of airway and cannot exchange gases (just air coming in to trachea but going out during exhalation) |
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Term
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Definition
| Conducting division of airway |
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Term
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Definition
| Sum of anatomic dead space and pathological alveolar dead space |
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Term
| Alveolar ventilation rate |
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Definition
| air that ventilates alveoli X respiration rate. Directly relevant to ability to exchange gases |
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Term
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Definition
| Volume of air during quiet breathing 500mL |
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Term
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Definition
| total amount of air that can be exhaled with effort after maximum inspiration (when you exhale and run out of breath) |
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Term
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Definition
| Forced expiratory Volume-75-85% of all your air in 1 sec (amount of air exhaled during 1 second in healthy adult) |
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Term
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Definition
| Minute respiratory volume(amount going in & out of lungs)- TV 500mL X (12-18) = (6-9) L/min |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A mixture of gases, each contributes its partial pressure, at sea level 1 atm of pressure is 760 mm HG |
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Term
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Definition
| Slightly different mixture of gasses-atomspheric air is humidifed by the respiratory cavity and gases are exchanged and mixed with residual air |
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Term
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Definition
| Important for gas exchange between air in lungs and blood in capillaries, gases diffuxe down their concentration gradients (from higher (104 mm gh to 40 mm hg) |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility in water and its parial pressure in air |
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Term
| Factors affecting gas exchange (concentration gradients of gases) |
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Definition
| PO2= 104 mm Hg in alveolar air versus 40 mm Hg in blood |
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Term
| Factors affecting gas exchange (concentration gradients of gases) |
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Definition
| PCO2= 46 mmHG in blood arriving vs. 40 mmHg in alveorlar air |
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Term
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Definition
| C02 is 20 times as soluble as O2, O2 can get into the blood because it has greater concentration gradient, CO2 can get into the blood because it has greater solubility. In other words C02 dissolves better in water and O2 doesn't. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gas exhange is driven by combination of concentration gradient & solubility > Grater concentration gradient for O2= greater solubility for CO2 |
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Term
| Alevolar gas equilibration & RBC transit time |
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Definition
| It takes 1/4 sec for gases to exchange, it takes .75 sec for rbc transit at rest through alveolar capillary, and with exercise .30 sec. Main point is that there is always time to exchange gases. |
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Term
| Oxygen transport important |
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Definition
| Oxygen has to travel on a Hemoglobin molecule. Each heme contains 4 globin chains which they all bind to a O2 molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| a hemoglobin molecule curretnly carring an oxygen molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| not carrying an oxy, but carrying a hydrogen molecule (HHb) |
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Term
| Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve |
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Definition
| hemoglobin will only let go of 1 O2 because it keeps and wants more O2-its stores it in veins as reserves. (for emergencys and the 3 ride back to the heart again, this is why people survive heart attacks. |
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Term
| Carbon Dioxide transport-into blood |
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Definition
| 90% It is transported as carbonic acid- CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 (CARBONIC ACID)---> H + HCO3-(BICARBONATE) In chemistry, when mixing co2 and h2o you get carbonic acid but acid always dissociates in a solution (like blood or fluids) and when it dissociates it makes bicarbonate buffer.) |
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Term
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Definition
| pH<7.35 caused by failure of pulmonary ventilation (HYPOventilation) Causes HYPERcapnia which means too much CO2 (acid) in the blood. Brain stimulates the body to breath more therefore you release CO2 which will put you back to normal. |
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Term
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Definition
| pH> 7.45. Hypocapnia: caused by Hyperventilation. |
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