Term
| What is the proper term for roaring? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is recurrent laryngeal neuropathy? |
|
Definition
| degeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, leads to partial paralysis of the larynx |
|
|
Term
| Degeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerve leads to what? |
|
Definition
| recurrent laryngeal neuropathy |
|
|
Term
| What are the non-specific defense mechanisms of the respiratory tract? |
|
Definition
| Mucus & Cellular Defenses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-traps particles
-moistens the tissue
-contains specialized enzymes which target bacterial cell walls (lysozymes) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the mucocilliary apparatus |
|
Definition
-trachea to terminal bronchioles (upper resp tract)
-has specialized ciliated epithelium
-double mucus layer
-poor cough mechanism |
|
|
Term
| How many cilia are found on each cell of the specialized ciliated epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the specialized ciliated epithelium? How many cm/min and beats per second? |
|
Definition
pushes mucus & debris up to the pharynx where it can then be swallowed
2cm/min, 15-20 beats per second |
|
|
Term
| What are the two mucus layers called, what cells are they associated with and which is more viscous? |
|
Definition
-inner 'sol' layer (submucosal glands)
-outer 'gel' layer (goblet cells)
Gel is more viscous |
|
|
Term
| How do the cilia & mucus layers function? |
|
Definition
-forward facing cilia push mucus & debris in the gel layer forwards
-cilia fold and move back through the 'sol' layer
-gel layer doesn't get pulled back |
|
|
Term
| Why is posture important for clearing the airway? |
|
Definition
-poor cough mechanism
-postural drainage important to clear blockages |
|
|
Term
| What non-specific cellular defense mechanisms are found in the lower respiratory tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the square area of the alveolar surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the alveolar macrophages do? |
|
Definition
-release enzymes & chemicals
-phagocytosis of particles/bacteria
-attract other WBC
-stimulate specific defense mechanisms
-adapted to function in high O2 environment of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What other non-specific cellular defenses are there? |
|
Definition
-other granular WBC
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-mast cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attack metazoan parasites e.g. lungworm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mediate the action of the rest of the immune system |
|
|
Term
| What specific cellular defense cells are found within the bone marrow? |
|
Definition
| pluripotent hematopoietic cells |
|
|
Term
| What cells are found within pluripotent hematopoeitic cells? What are the 3 types? |
|
Definition
lymphoid progenitor cells
3 types of lymphocytes:
B cells
T cells
Natural killers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differentiate to form antibody-producing cells and memory cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kill virus-infected cells, regulate WBC activity |
|
|
Term
| What do natural killers do> |
|
Definition
| lyse virus-infected or cancerous body cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-stimulate a specific immune response
eg. markers on cell surfaces, protein coats etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Major Histocompatability Complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-found only in nucleated cells
-unique to every individual
-important for organ transplant rejection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -on surface of antigen-presenting cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no, because they do not have a nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of specific immune responses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are associated with humoral response? |
|
Definition
| B cells (produce antigens) |
|
|
Term
| What cells are associated with cellular response? |
|
Definition
| T cells (stimulate B cells & kill cells presenting antigen) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the humoral cellular response |
|
Definition
-infection with viral cells
-B cells recognize the antigens
-B cells undergo differentiation to produce plasma cells & memory cells
-plasma cells secrete antibodies which will target the infected cells
-memory cells remain in the body and will allow for faster immune response next time |
|
|
Term
| Where do antibodies bind to cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe how antibodies to bacteria work |
|
Definition
-bacteria covered with antibodies & antibody determinant bind to macrophage receptors
-phagocytosis is activated |
|
|
Term
| How does a virus infection normally work? |
|
Definition
-virus attaches to cell
-undergoes endocytosis to enter cell
-acidic pH degrades protein coating
-RNA is released |
|
|
Term
| How can a virus infection be stopped with antigens? (3 ways) |
|
Definition
-block attachment
-block endocytosis
-block the uncoating |
|
|
Term
| How can a virus be prevented from attaching? |
|
Definition
| -antibodies sterically block the attachment to the cells, stabilizing the capsid |
|
|
Term
| How can a virus be prevented from uncoating? |
|
Definition
| -stabilize the capsid results in fusion interference |
|
|
Term
| What are the two components of a vaccine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the antigen component of a vaccine do? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates a specific immune response |
|
|
Term
| What does the adjuvant component of a vaccine do? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates a non specific immune response |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important effect of vaccination? |
|
Definition
| creates a population of memory B cells which can respond rapidly to future infections |
|
|
Term
| What is the proper term for heaves? |
|
Definition
| Recurrent airway obstruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
environmental & genetic influences
hypersensitivity to inhaled allergens
e.g. mould, dust particles, endotoxins |
|
|
Term
| What is the average age of onset for heaves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| periodic obstruction of the airway |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of heaves? |
|
Definition
-airway inflammation
-epithelial injury
-increased mucous production
-bronchoconstricton |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of heaves? |
|
Definition
-cough
-nasal discharge
-increased respiratory rate
-exercise intolerance
-heave line |
|
|
Term
| How can heaves be treated? |
|
Definition
MINIMIZE DUST
corticosteroids + bronchodialators |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in the action of a corticosteroid vs a bronchodilator? |
|
Definition
Corticosteroids reduce inflammation (may take several days)
Bronchodilators bring immediate relief to smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| Name two bacterial respiratory diseases |
|
Definition
Strangles
Bacterial Pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| How is strangles typically spread? |
|
Definition
| bodily discharges & contaminated equipment |
|
|
Term
| How does the streptococcus equi bacteria act? |
|
Definition
-adhere to epithelial cells of upper respiratory tract
-spreads to lymph nodes of head & neck |
|
|
Term
| What are common predisposing factors for bacterial pneumonia? |
|
Definition
| -long distance transport, general anesthesia, strenuous exercise |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria is associated with pneumonia? |
|
Definition
Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus
Pleuropneumonia
Rhodococcus equi |
|
|
Term
| What is rhodococcus equi? |
|
Definition
| abscesses in the lungs of foals (bacterial pneumonia) |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 viral respiratory infections |
|
Definition
Equine Influenza
Equine Herpes Virus
Equine Viral Arteritis |
|
|
Term
| What is equine influenza & how is it transmitted |
|
Definition
Disruption of mucocilliary apparatus by damaging the epithelial cells
Predisposes to secondary bacterial infection
Transmitted by direct contact with secretions |
|
|
Term
| What is the incubation period of equine influenza? How long are signs exhibited for? How long for recovery |
|
Definition
3 days
3 days
2-3 weeks or 6 months if severe |
|
|
Term
| How many different herpes viruses are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes EHV & how long is the incubation period |
|
Definition
Inhalation or ingestion
2-10 days |
|
|
Term
| is EHV an upper or lower respiratory tract infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can EVA be transmitted? |
|
Definition
| resporatory, venereal, congenital or indirectly |
|
|
Term
| How long is the incubation period of EVA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are clinical signs of EVA consistent? |
|
Definition
| no, varies within a group of infected horses |
|
|
Term
| What is the risk of EVA to pregnant mares? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are typical signs of respiratory infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
