Dogs

Throughout the US

Rare

Small mites 1.0-1.5 mm

Oval, white to pale yellow

Unknown, likely takes place entirely within the host

transferred by direct contact

Persistent sneezing

reddening of nasal mucosa

shaking of head

rubbing nose

Owner sees mites

Nasal flushing with saline or water

nasal swabs

rhinoscopy

Imidacloprid/Moxidectin

ivermectin

Milbemycin oxime

Selamectin

White colored worms from 1.5-4 cm

Found in mucosal epithelium of nasal turbinates, frontal and paranasal sinuses

Method of infection not clear

Earthworms may be intermediate hosts

Poorly understood

Likely inflammation of mucosal surfaces

sinusitis

Can range from none to mucopurulent nasal discharge to hemorrhagic nasal discharge and head pressing

condition can persist for months to years

Eggs in feces (sugar centrifugation)

Clinical signs

Yellow-brown, asymmetrical poles, smooth, 54-60 um

embryo doesn't fill egg

appears pitted

Ivermectin

Milbemycin

Fenbendazole

Trachea/bronchi/ bronchioles of dogs, cats and wild carnivores

Cosmopolitan

Hairlike slender whitish worms

2-4 cm long

More oval than Trichuris

surface of shell is striated

70x35 um

Direct

infective larvated eggs swallowed, migrate to lungs, mature in fine bronchiles and alveoli, deposited in lungs then cough up and swallow eggs

Catarrhal bronchitis, can result in secondary pneumonia

may occlude bronchi

Wheezing, coughing, dyspnea

emaciation

dry hair coat

Fenbendazole

Ivermectin

Tracheal nodules at junction of trachea and primary bronchi

uncommon but widely distributed in US and canada

mostly great plains and rocky mountain states

In epithelium of trachea and bronchii

deposit thin shelled eggs, L1 hatch quickly, carried up trachea and swallowed

passed in feces (L1 immediately infective)

Dog eats, go to lungs, develop to adults in nodules

Raspy dry persistent cough

acute respiratory distress

anorexia, weight loss

Fecal sedimentation

radiographis

endoscope

Fenbendazole

Ivermectin

signs disappear

resolution of nodules

no more larvae in feces

Male 4.5-7 mm female 7-10 mm

Male bursa short with indistinct lobes

Eggs deposited in lung parenchyma

Larvae hatch from eggs, L1 are swallowed

requires snail or slug IH

cat eats snail or slug

Dyspnea

anorexia

cough

weight loss

Recover L1 with baermann apparatus

Tail is s shaped with a spine

Emodepside

Fenbendazole

Imidacloprid

Ivermectin

Selamectin

Dogs cats muscrats carnivores pigs

Eastern US

Adults 7-16 x 4-8 mm

egs 80-120  48-60 um

operculated, golden brown

Eggs pass in feces, miracidium penetrates snail

Cercariae develop and penetrate crayfish

encyst as metacercariae

in DH migrate to lungs

Moist cough

gagging

spitting up blood

respiratory disease

chronically low body weight

Find eggs in feces or bronchial swabs

(sedimentation)

radiographs of lungs

Fenbendazole

Praziquantel