Term
| 3 natural defenses in the respiratory system. |
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Definition
Mucous membranes
Normal bacterial flora
IgA |
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Term
| Only a small fraction (15%) of pharyngitis is of this type. |
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Definition
Streptococcal pharyngitis
Majority is caused by viral agents. |
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Term
| Factor that differentiates Streptococcus pyogenes from other beta-hemolytic bacteria. |
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Definition
| Susceptible to bacitracin |
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Term
| S. pyogenes has many virulence factors. This particular factor allows for several infections to occur over one's lifetime without a quick adaptive immune response. |
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Definition
| M protein; over 80 types! |
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Term
| S. pyogenes has many virulence factors, this particular toxin is responsible for the presentation of scarlet fever. |
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Definition
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Term
| Disease that can occur concurrently with group A streptococcal pharyngitis. |
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Definition
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Term
| Suggestive (not diagnostic) factors suggesting Group A streptococcal pharyngitis. |
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Definition
| Sudden onset, Sore throat, Nausea, Inflammation, patchy discrete exudate |
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Term
| Features suggestive of a viral etiology in pharyngitis |
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Definition
| Conjunctivitis, Coryza (head cold), Cough, Diarrhea |
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Term
| Lesions of scarlet fever. |
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Definition
Sandpaper rash
Strawberry tongue |
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Term
| Post streptococcal sequelae that are quite serious. |
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Definition
Acute rheumatic fever
Glomerulonephritis |
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Term
| Infection of the middle ear that often follows an upper respiratory infection. |
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Definition
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Term
| An alpha hemolytic bacteria sensitive to optochin and is a normal flora of the upper respiratory tract. Causes otitis media when it enters the eustachian tube. No Lancefield antigens and is exclusively spread person to person. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pathogenic properties of S. pneumoniae are: |
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Definition
1. Capsule (polysaccharide) which is antiphagocytic and is antigenic (86 types)
Vaccinations against the 7 most common capsules are in use.
2. Enzymes including autolysins (pneumolysin) and IgA protease |
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Term
| A gram negative bacilli that can grow on Chocolate agar supplemented with NAD and Factor X. It is an important cause of Otitis media. |
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Definition
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Term
| Genus responsible for causing diphtheria, an endemic disease in Russia and part of Africa. |
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Definition
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Term
| Small, slender gram positive rods that are non motile and non encapsulated. Cause diphtheria. Does NOT form spores. |
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Definition
| Corynebacteria including Corynebacterium diphtheriae and diphtheroids. |
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Term
| Aerobic bacteria normally found in the throat and nasoparynx and are transmitted by respiratory droplets. They are weakly beta hemolytic and can grow on Tinsdale Agar by reducing potassium tellurite selectively. |
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Definition
| Corynebacteria diphtheriae |
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Term
| Virulence/pathogenic factors of C. diphtheriae |
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Definition
1. Exotoxin production and rapid growth on mucus membranes.
2.Toxin causes ADP ribosylation and blocks protein translation, causing cell death. |
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Term
| What is a serious danger of respiratory diphtheria? |
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Definition
| Accumulation of fibrin and WBCs (grayish exudate) forming a diphtheritic pseudomembrane on the tonsils, larynx and pharynx which has the potential to cause suffocation if uncontrolled. |
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Term
| What are the systemic effects of diphtheria toxin? |
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Definition
| myocarditis, nerve damage, and liver/kidney damage. |
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Term
| What must occur to contract cutaneous diphtheria? |
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Definition
| Local toxin absorption following skin trauma, usually in a tropical setting. Characterized by non-healing ulcers covered by a grey membrane (weeks to months post exposure). |
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Term
| What is the first step in treating diphtheria and how can an infection be confirmed? |
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Definition
Antitoxin is administered. Confirm by culture and determining that toxin production occurs on the cultured bacteria.
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Term
How can we prevent diphtheria if diphtheroids are commensial bacteria normally?
What is the risk of this? |
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Definition
Prevention=vaccination against the diphtheria toxoid. Boosters necessary.
Potentially could cause a type III hypersensitivity reaction. |
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Term
| generally non-pathogenic/weakly pathogenic causes of diphtheria |
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Definition
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Term
| Non-lipophilic diphtheroid that is the most common strain that may cause disease. May carry tox gene. |
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Definition
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Term
| lipophilic diphtheroid that often causes infection in immunocompromized hospitalized patients (nosocomial). Multi-drug resistant and requires vancomycin. Can see bacteremia/sepsis in severely immunocompromized patients. |
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Definition
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