Term
|
Definition
| The primary function of the respiratory system is ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of taking air into and out from the lungs is ___________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The _____ airways warm,humidify,and filters air |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The temperature of air in teh alveolie is ______ C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The _____ airways are involved with humidifying the air to a relative 100% saturation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The diffusion of O2 from blood to tissue to support aerobic metabolism is _____ gas exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cellular _____ utilizes and produces CO2 as a metabolic waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The diffusion of O2 from air into blood at the alveoli is part of ____ gas exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The presence of alveoli indentifies the beginning of _____ airways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The secondary function of the respiratory system with the urinary system is _______ |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The upper respiratory system consists of teh conducting airwqays all the way down to and including the ______ |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The bony structure of the external nose includes teh _____ amd _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Both the nasal cartilage and the septal cartilage are composed of ____ cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The bony structure of the nasal septum includes the superiorly located _____ and teh inferiorly located ______ |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The lining of the nasal cavity is _______ epithelium |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The hard palate consists of the anteriorly located ________ and the posteriorly located ________ |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The three ______ create turbulence while breathing through the nostrils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The olfactory epithelium is associated with the _____________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The nasolacrimal duct opens underneath the ________ |
|
|
Term
| maxillary,sphenoid,frontal,ethmoid |
|
Definition
| The four paranasal sinuses include the _____,_____,_____,_____ |
|
|
Term
| nasopharynx,oropharynyx,laryngopharynx |
|
Definition
| The throat is subdivided into three regions called the _____,_____,______ |
|
|
Term
| oropharynx,laryngopharynx |
|
Definition
| The ______ and ______ of the throat have a lining of stratified squamous epithelium because food and liquid pass over their surface during swallowing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ______ of the throat has a lining of pseudostratified columnar epithelium and is not involved with swallowing or the digestive process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The _____tonsils are associated with the oropharynx and the ______ tonsils are associated with the nasopharynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The voice box or _____ begins the lower respiratory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The _____ cartilage serves as a landmark for a tracheotomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The adams apple is the more prominent _____ cartilage in males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The _____ is the cartilage that covers teh opening to the airway during swallowing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most of the cartilage of the voicebox is _____ cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The _____ of the larynx has a framework of elastic cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of the ______ cartilage places tension on the ______ to change pitch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ____ folds do not produce sound but help close the glottis during swallowing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ______ refers to inflammation of the voicebox |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The trachea has _____ shaped cartilage rings that open to the posteriorly located ______ of the digestive system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The trachea has _____ shaped cartilage rings that terminates at the prominent cartilage called the ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The _____ maneuver helps expel inhaled objects causing a person to choke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The _______ maneuver is forced expiration against a closed glottis and should not be practiced during defaction |
|
|
Term
| hyaline cartilage,smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| The bronchial tree has a decreased amount of ________ and an increased amount of _________ as the airways branch and become more numerous |
|
|
Term
| hyaline cartilage,columnar |
|
Definition
| Histologically,the distinguishing feature between a bronchus and a bronchiole is the presence of ______ and a _____ epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ____ bronchi enter into the bronchopulmonary segment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ___ bronchi are the first branches from the trachea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The right lung has three _____ bronchi and the lung has two ______ bronchi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The _____ bronchiloes enter the basic lung unit called a _____ and end the conducting airways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ______ bronchioles have the presence of air sacs and serve as the beginning of respiratory airways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The _____ are the site of gas exchange and they have lining of _______ epithelium formed by type 1 alveolar cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The type II alveolar cells secrete _____ which lowers surface tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The _____ are phagocytic help prevent bronchities from developing into lung imflammation called ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Asthma is assocatied with histamine and other inflammatory chemicals increasing mucus secretion and _____ constriction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability of the lung to deflate and return to resting volume is ____ and is diminished with emphysema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ______ is the attractiveness of water molecules to one another that can cause collapse alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Premature infant often have infant respiratory distress syndrome due to inadequate secretion of ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability of the lung to inflate for a give pressure difference is ___ and is diminished with pulmonary fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| diaphargm,external intercoastal muscles |
|
Definition
| The main muscles for inspiration are the _____ and the _____ |
|
|
Term
| sternocleidmastoid,pectoralis minor,scalenes |
|
Definition
| Muscles faciliatating inspiration include the _____,_____,_____ |
|
|
Term
| internal intercoastals,rectus abdominis,external oblique,internal obliques, transverse abdominis |
|
Definition
| Muscles involved with forceful expiration inclue the ____ and the abdominal muscles ____,____,____,_____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____law states that pressure is inversely proportional volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inspiration during quiet breathing requires a ____ pressure around 2mm Hg lower than ___ pressure and depends on muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Expiration during quiet breathing requires an _____ pressure and depends on muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forceful expirations always require muscle contraction and can develop a ____ pressure 20mm HG greater than ____pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle contraction is involved in active inspiration in inflate the lung volume greater than the resting lung volume called _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Active expiration involved muscle contraction to deflate the lungs more rapidly or lower the lung volume below ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration is _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The usual movement of air into and out from the lungs is ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The maximum amount of air moved in a single breath is ____ and only depends on gendar,height and age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ___ space is the region without alveoli and explains how dogs,cats,and even birds can pant without hyperventilating |
|
|
Term
| pulmonary fibrosis,emphysema,vital capactity |
|
Definition
| The restrictive disease is ____,____ would decrease ____ but have a normal Force Expiratory Volume in 1 sec (FEVI_ |
|
|
Term
| asthma,copd,vital capacity |
|
Definition
| An obstructive disease like _____ or ______ would have a normal _______ but have a decreased force expiratory volume in 1 sec |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The actual flow of "new" air reaching teh alveoli is _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The main rhythmicity center for breathing is in teh VRG found in the brain stem region called the ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The pontine respiratory center is in the ____ of the brain stem and modifies the basic breathing pattern |
|
|
Term
| medulla oblogata,carotid arteriesmaortic arch |
|
Definition
| Chemoreceptors the affect breathing are located in the ____ where they are called central chemoreceptors and in the ____ and ____ where they are called peripheral chemoreceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The _____ chemoreceptors are sensitive to Pco2 and the pH and the ____ are also sensitive to low pO2 levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The _____ reflex increases breathing when we move our joints during exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ____ reflex limits lung deflation and ____ reflex limints in lung distension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ law relates the air pressure to the partial pressure of all the gases present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____law relates the amount of gas dissolved in liquid as a flunction of the pressure,solubility and temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The gas in greatest amount within the atmosphere is _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The gas found in the least amount in the athmosphere that is produced by aerobic metabolism is ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The diffusion of gas from the alveoli to the capillary depends on a difference in the ____pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The blood gases o2 and co2 are relatively constant in systemic ____blood but are more variable in systemic ____ blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most oxygen is transported in blood bound to the ____ portion of hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Each molecules of hemoglobin can transport a maximum of ____ o2 in which case it is called _____ |
|
|
Term
| oxy-hemoglobin dissociation |
|
Definition
| The amount of oxygen binding to hemoglobin depends on the relationship between po2 and hemoglobin affinicty called the _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The hemoglobin affinity of oxygen decreases with a ____ co2 or a ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The hemoglobin affinity of oxygen decreases with a _____ temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oxidized iron in the hemoglobin is called _____and does not bind o2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ refers to carbon monoxide binding to hemoglobin that prevents o2 transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ anemia has a characterisitc change in the RBC shape with low oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Both _____ and ____ versions of normal hemoglobin have greater affinity for o2 making less o2 avaiable for delivery to the tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The formation of _____ from co2 binding to non-heme sites is teh cause for change in the affinity of hemoglobin for o2 in the presence of co2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most of the co2 transported in systemic venous blood is in the form of _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Around 10% of co2 transport is dissolved in the _____of blood because co2 is much more soluble than o2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The enzyme _____ assists in the formation of carbonic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The pressure in the _____ circulation is less than the ___ circulation because the resistance is 1/10 as much |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Less filtration occurs in the pulmonary capillaries than the systemic capillaries which prevents pulmonary _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood vessels ____in response to decrease PO2 or increased PCO2 to help match blood flow to lung ventilation |
|
|
Term
| kidney,ureters,urinary bladder,urethra |
|
Definition
| The four main organs of the urinary system are the _____,____,____,_____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The _____ gland superiour to the kidney secretes the hormone aldosterone which affects the kidney in retaining sodium and secreting potassium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The kidney can function as an endocrine gland by secreting _____which stimulates RBC(erythrocyte) production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The kidney activates vitamin D to ____ which enhances calcium absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The lungs and the kidney help maintain ____balance by controlling carbon dioxide and bicarbonate(HCO3-) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The kidney helps with long term maintences of blood ____ by regulating electrolyte concentration and blood volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The electrolyte concentration is regulated by the kidneys so that the ____ is maintained around 290mOsm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The kidneys can increase the glucose concentration of blood through _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ____ transports urine to a distensible organ for temporary storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Both the ___and the ____have mucosa completely lined by transitional epithelium |
|
|
Term
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
Definition
| Near the external surface of the skin, teh urethra has a mucosa of _____ |
|
|
Term
| calcium oxalate,uric acid,calcium phosphate |
|
Definition
| Formation of kidney stones composed of ___,_____and _____ can obstruct teh ureter and prevent urine flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The urinary bladder has internal folds like the stomach called ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bladder infection ofeten persist in the floor of urinary bladder called the _____ becuse of its trinagular shape between the three orifices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The three layers of smooth muscle of the urinary bladder are called the ____muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ____urethral sphincter is smooth muscle and the ___urethral sphincter is skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| urethra,external urethral |
|
Definition
| Females are more susceptible to cystitis(bladder infection) than males due to a shorter ____and the closeness of the ___ orifice to the anus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ____reflex is initiated when the urine volume of bladder exceeds 300 to 400ml |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Activity of ____,a type of sensory receptor,initiate a sense of fullness and the need to urinate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Central inhibition of your ability to contract the ____urethral sphincter may occur when urine volume exceeds 600 ml and you may wet yourself if you try to hold your bladder too long |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____refers to teh inability to control urination and infants require diapers and the elderly may require "depends" |
|
|
Term
| prostatic,membranous,penile |
|
Definition
| The male urethra is subdivided into the ____,_____,and _____urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Urinary retention may occur in males due to benign prostatic hypertrophy(BPH) constricting teh _____urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The kidneys are located ____behind the serous membranes of the abdominal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The dense connective tissue covering the kidney is the renal _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The renel ____is a thin layer of connective tissue that anchors the kidney and the adrenal gland to the abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The indentation of the kidney at which teh ureter and blood vessels are attached is the ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The renal ____are conical shaped structures within the medulla of the kidney and they terminate with an extension called the renal papilla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The renal ____is the outer layer of the kidney where the glomerulus are found |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The renal _____is the outer layer of the kidney where the glomerulus are found |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extensions between the conical shaped structures are the renal columns and they are considered extensions freom the renal cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The rena ___is a funnel shaped cavity that drains urine into the ureter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The renal ____is a funnel shaped cavity that drains urine into the ureter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Urine drains from a renal papilla into a ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The renal arteries are a branch of the ____and provide blood flow to the kidneys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The renal veins drain blood from the kidney into the ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The _____vessels are small arteries and veins found in the renal cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ____vessels are small arteries adn veins found separating the renal pyramid from the renal cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ____vessels are small arteries and veins found in the renal column |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ____arteries are renal artery subdivisions that do not have a corresponding vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ____is an unusual capillary netweork because it is between teh afferent arteriole adn effernt arteriole |
|
|
Term
| peritubular cappilaries,vasa recta |
|
Definition
| The _____are typical capillary networks in the renal cortex and the _____ are loop like capillary networks in the renal pyramid |
|
|
Term
| glomerulus,glomerulus capsule |
|
Definition
| A renal corpuscle is located in the renal cortex and consists of a ____and a ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The proximal tubule,distale tubule and collecting duct consists of ____epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The collecting duct epithelium contains contains ____ cells and ____cells |
|
|
Term
| simple squamous,simple cubodial |
|
Definition
| The loop of Henele has a thin segment composed of ____epitheliym and a thick segment composed of ____epithelium or maybe simple columnar cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ____nephrons have a glomerulus in the outer portion of the renal cortex and a short loop of Henele |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ____nephrons have a glomerulus deep in the renal cortex and a long loop of Henel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ______consists of juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole and macula densa of the loop of Henele and are involved with both renal autoregulation and maintenance of systemic blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of returing substances and water from teh renal tubules to blood is ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of moving additional substances from blood to renal tubules is _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substances and water movement from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule is ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____is the removal of substance and water from the kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The glomerulus has ___filtration than a typical skeletal muscle capillary network because it is a ___capillary and the hydrostatic pressure is ____than a typical skeletal muscle capillary network. |
|
|
Term
| RBCS,plama protein,podocytes |
|
Definition
| Filtrate does not normally have ____ or ____ that are found in blood due to filtration slits formed by the ___cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Renal ____refers to a relatively constant renal blood flow despite flucuation in systemic blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| myogenic,tubuloglomerulatar |
|
Definition
| Both the ____mechanism and the _____mechanism contribute to this constant renal blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Renal _____refers to a relatively constant renal blood flow despite fluctuation in systemic blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| myogenic,tubuloglomerulatar |
|
Definition
| Both the ____mechanism and the ____mechanism contribute to this constant renal blood flow |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic,renin angiotension |
|
Definition
| Extrinsic control to renal blood flow include neural control through the ____nervous system and hormonal control through teh ____system |
|
|
Term
| glomeruluar filtration rate |
|
Definition
| The _____or GFR is maintained fairly constant at 125ml/min in males and 105 ml/min females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normally,approximenely,_____ of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the kidneys and only 1 to 2 liters of urine are excreted due to a persons hydration level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____reabsorption moves between epithelial cells and ___reabsorption moves through the epithelial cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water can only move passively by ____,from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____water reabsorption is controlled by ADH in the collecting duct and ____water reabsorption follows solutes as they are reabsorbed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Around 15% of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the ____in a process called a countercurrent multiplier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The countercurrent multiplier has water reabsorption in the ____ segment and sodium chloride reabsorption is the ___segment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recycling of ____in the inner renal pyramid also contributes to teh osmotic gradient |
|
|
Term
| distal tubule,aldosterone |
|
Definition
| Fine tuning of sodium reabsorption occurs in the ___under the influence of the hormone _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fine tuning of water reabsoprtion occurs in the ____under the influence of the hormone ____ |
|
|
Term
| distal tubule,aldosterone |
|
Definition
| Potassium is actually secreted in the ____under the influence of hormone ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Even though glucose is filtered at the glomerulus,glucose does not normally appear in urine because it is actively reabsorbed in the ___until a transport maximum |
|
|
Term
| diabetes mellitus,renal plasma threshold |
|
Definition
| One of the symptoms of the disease ____occurs when glucose concentration reaches the ____in the blood and glucose appears in the urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bicarbonate reabsorption and hydrogen ion secretion by intercalted cells in the _____help maintain pH balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The enzyme ____located primarly in blood vessls of the lung converts angiotension I to angiotension II |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The juxtaglomerular apparatus is involved with pressure regulation by secreting the enzyme ____which converts angiotensinogen to angiotension I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diabetes insipidus is a result of inadequate action of the hormone _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The clearance of inulin or creatinine which are primarily just filtered is a measure of _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The clearance of PAH which is completely removed from renal blood is a measure of _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excess water loss that increases the electrolyte concentration of the extracellular space and contributes to triggering thirst from the hypothalmus is ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excess consumption of water that dilutes out the electrolytes of the extracellular space is _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor like _____prevents bicarbonate (hco3-)reabsorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An aldosterone antagonist like ___prevents NA+seecretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An osmotic diuretic like ____is not reabsorbed and retains water in the collecting duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___is a diuretic that prevents secretion of ADh from the ___gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The action of _____diuretics like Diuril on the distal tubule is not completely known but it involves inhibition of na+ and cl- reabsorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____in coffee and mt dew is a diuretic that inhibits na+ reabsorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A loop diuretic like ____prevents the countercurrent multiplier formation of an osmotic gradient in the renal pyramid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calcium reabsorption from the distal tubule of the nephron is increased by the hormone ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Potassium excretion from the kidneys is increased by the hormone ____which acts primarlu on the collecting ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The hormone ____increases water retention in the kidneys by making the collecting duct more permeable to water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___refers to a low potassium concentration which can occur with a loop diuretic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____refers to a high potassium concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____refers to a high potassium concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____refers to a low sodium concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____refers to a high sodium concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The normal pH in humans is approximately ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The pH lower than normal caused by excessive H+(fixed acids)is metabolic ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pH higher than normal caused by hyperventilation is respiratory ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pH lower than normal caused by not breathing is respiratory _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pH higher than normal caused by gastric vomitting or ingesting too many antacids is metabolic _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The main way the body regulates blood pH is through ___buffer system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The kidneys can excrete excess H+_ as ___ or ____ |
|
|
