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Respiratory 2
Respiratory 2
31
Physiology
Undergraduate 4
11/26/2016

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Term
Thoracic volume (increases/decreases) as the diaphragm contracts
Definition
increases
Term
What muscles take part in respiration? How are they innervated?
Definition
diaphragm (phrenic)
external intercostals (intercostal nerves)
Term
What drives expiration during quiet breathing? Active breathing?
Definition
Quiet: elastic recoil of lungs

Active: elastic recoil + internal intercostals + abdominal muscles
Term
What contributes to elastic recoil of the lungs?
Definition
elastic tissue & surface tension in the alveoli
Term
What contributes to elastic recoil of the thorax?
Definition
musculoskeletal components
Term
What is compliance?
Definition
measure of the ability of the lungs & thorax to expand/distend
Term
What effect does a low compliance level have on lung & thorax expansion?
Definition
makes it more difficult to expand
Term
What might reduce compliance
Definition
pulmonary fibrosis, edema
respiratory distress syndrome (less surfactant)
Term
Pleural pressure _____ during inspiration and _____ during expiration
Definition
decreases (becomes negative)

increases (become less negative/slightly positive_
Term
Decreased lung compliance can cause Ppl to become ______ on inspiration
Definition
more negative
Term
Increased lung volume/air flow rate causes Ppl to become ______ on inspiration
Definition
more negative
Term
Increased airway resistance causes Ppl to become ______ on inspiration
Definition
more negative
Term
Increased airway resistance causes Ppl to become ______ on expiration
Definition
more positive
Term
What is anatomic dead space
Definition
areas where no gas exchange occurs (air movement only)

from nares to bronchioles
Term
What is alveolar dead space?
Definition
ventilation of poorly perfused alveoli (so gas exchange doesn't work well)
Term
What is physiologic dead space?
Definition
anatomic + alveolar dead space
Term
VE = VT x f
Definition
Minute ventilation

= tidal volume x breaths per minute
Term
What is dead space vs alveolar ventilation?
Definition
dead space ventilation = portion of breath that ventilates dead space

alveolar ventilation = portion of breath that participates in gas exchange
Term
True or False

An increase in dead space can drive an increase in tidal volume
Definition
true
Term
Where does turbulent flow occur? Laminar?
Definition
turbulant in larger airways, laminar in smaller
Term
True or False

It is normal to hear turbulent flow in healthy lungs
Definition
false
Term
Where does the majority of airway resistance occur?
Definition
50-70%
Nasal cavity/pharynx/larynx

40% trachea/bronchi

20% bronchioles
Term
How is airway smooth muscle stimulated to contract
Definition
Parasympathetic stimulation of muscarinic receptors by acetycholine

Seratonin

alpha adrenergic agonists

decrease pCO2 in airways

inflammatory mediators
Term
What inflammatory mediators stimulate airway smooth muscle
Definition
histamine
thromboxan A2
leukotrienes
Term
How is airway smooth muscle stimulated to dilate?
Definition
B2 receptors stimulated by SNS
B2 agonists
nitric oxide
decreased O2 in airways
increased CO2 in airways
Term
What might cause upper airway obstruction?
Definition
Physical narrowing (stenotic nares of a pug)
Functional narrowing (soft palate displacement)
Term
What is the major indicator that an animal is having both physical and functional obstruction of the upper airway?
Definition
inspiratory dyspnea & upper airway respiratory noise
Term
What is expiratory dyspnea?
Definition
difficulty breathing on expiration
Term
What causes expiratory dyspnea?
Definition
-narrowing of intrathoracic airways (accumulation of secretions, pus, bronchoconstriction)

-collapse of intrathoracic airways e.g. collapsed trachea
Term
Is a collapsed trachea an upper or lower airway obstruction?
Definition
lower
Term
Shallow, rapid breathing are a sign of....
Definition
lower airway obstruction
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