One molecuel fo glucose is broken into two molecules of the three-carbon compound pyruvate.

2 ATP molecules are produced from ADP and 1 molecule of NAD+ is reduced to form NADH.

Pyruvate is processed to form the compound acetyl-CoA.

During this step of respiration, another molecule fo NADH is produced.

Acetyl-CoA is oxidized to two molecules of CO2. 

During this sequence of reactions, more ATP and NADH are produced and FAD is reduced to form another electron carrier, FADH2.

Electrons from NADH and FADH2 move through a series of proteins called an electron transport chain (ETC).

The potential energy released during these redox reactions is used to create a proton gradient across a membrane; the ensuing flow of protons back across the membrane is used to make ATP.

when an enzyme in a pathway is inhibited by the product of the reaction sequence.

The product molecule "feeds back" to stop the reaction sequence when the product is abundant.

Acts as a coenzyme by accepteing and then trasnferring an acetyl group (-COCH3) to a substrate.

Pyruvate reacts with CoA, through a series of steps, to produce acetyl CoA, which is later oxidized to CO2.

As electrons are passed from one protein to another in the chain, the energy released by the redox reactions is used to pump protons across the inner membrane of mitochondria.

After this proton gradient is established, a stream of protons through the enzyme ATP synthase makes part of the protein spin, driving the production of ATP from ADP and P_i. 

A metabolic pathway that regenerates NAD+ from stockpiles of NADH; it allows gylcolysis to continue producing ATP in the absence of the electron acceptor required by the ETC.

Allows AT to be produced int eh absence of oxygen. In organisms that usually use oxygen as an electron acceptor, fermentation is an alternative mode of energy production when oxygen supplies temporarily run out.

an enzyme that synthesizes a short stretch of ribonucleic acid (RNA) that acts as a primer for DNA polymerase. 

Primase is a type of RNA polymerase - an enzyme that catalyzes the polymerization of ribonucleotides into RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, primase does not require a primer.

The process of copying hereditary information in DNA to RNA.

DNA is trasncribed to RNA, by RNA polymerase.

The process of using the information in nucleic acids to synthesize proteins.

Messenger RNA is translated to proteins, in ribosomes.

Proteins that initiate eukaryotic transcription by binding to the appropriate promoter region in DNA.

Function is analogous to the function of the sigma proteins in bacteria, exept that many proteins are invoved, instead of one, and basal transcription factors are not part of a holoenzyme.

1. The process by which messenger RNA lengthens during transcription

2. The process by which a polypeptide chain lengthens during transcription

When a eukaryotic gene is transcribed, the product is an immature primary transcript, or pre-mRNA.

As soon as the 5' end of a eukaryotic RNA emerges from RNA polyerase, enzymes add a structure called the 5' cap. 

The cap consists of the molecule 7-methyl-guanylate and three phosphate groups.

A large complex structure that synthesizes proteins by using the genetic information encoded in messenger RNA strands. 

Consists of two subunits, each compsed of ribosomal RNA and proteins.

Transcription and translation can occur concurrently in bacteria because there is no nuclear envelope to separate the two processes. 

Thus transcription and translation are physically connected.

One of a class of RNA molecules that have an anticodon at one end and an amino acid binding site at the other. 

Each tRNA picks up a specific amino acid and binds to the corresponding codon in messenger RNA during transcription.

Occurs when regulatory proteins affect RNA polymerase's ability to bind to a promoter and initiate transcription

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