Term
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Definition
Biochemical modification of chemical compounds in
living cells and organisms |
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Term
| What do catabolic pathways do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do anabolic pathways do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What three words describe anabolic pathways? |
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Definition
| Biosynthetic, Reductive and Energy consuming |
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Term
| What three words describe catabolic pathways? |
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Definition
| Degraditive, Oxidative and Energy producing |
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Term
| What three things do catabolic reactions produce? |
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Definition
| ATP, H+ ions and precursor molecules |
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Term
| What three things do anabolic reactions produce? |
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Definition
| ATP, H+ ions and precursor molecules |
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Term
| Too much catabolism/anabolism leads to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of a structural molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of a storage molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of a functional molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| How to storage molecules act as a buffer? |
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Definition
| Excess of molecules are stored and released when not enough of the molecule is circulating |
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Term
| What is the short term storage molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the long term storage molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the disorder that occurs when the body has too much storage molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do endogonic reactions take place in the body? |
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Definition
| Tied with exogonic reactions so the overall energy change is negative |
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Term
| What is an endogonic reaction? |
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Definition
| A reaction that requires energy |
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Term
| What is an exogonic reaction? |
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Definition
| A reaction that releases energy |
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Term
| What is a coupled reaction? |
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Definition
| An exogonic reaction tied to an endogonic reaction |
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Term
| What connects catabolic and anabolic reactions? |
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Definition
| Activated carrier molecules |
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Term
| What is the most common activated carrier molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What provides the energy in a molecule of ATP? |
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Definition
| The breakage of the high energy phosphate bonds? |
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Term
| How is the reaction exogonic despite breakage of bonds being endogonic? |
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Definition
| The energy released from the bond breakage is more than the energy required to break it so the net change of energy is negative |
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Term
| Which atom in NAD and NADP accepts/releases the H+ ion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in stage one of glycolysis? |
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Definition
| Glucose is phosphorylated to Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate |
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Term
| Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic? |
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Definition
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Term
| In stage one of glycolysis how many molecules of ATP are used? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the net production of ATP in glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in stage two of glycolysis? |
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Definition
| Fructose-1,6-bisphosphates break down into GAP and DHAP |
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Term
| What is the fate of DHAP? |
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Definition
| It is converted into GAP to continue the glycolytic pathway |
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Term
| How many molecules of GAP are produced from one molecules of GAP? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in stage three of glycolysis? |
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Definition
| Each GAP is dehydrogenated and then dephosphorylated to form PEP and then dephosphorylated to form Pyruvate |
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Term
| What is the net prodcution of NADH in glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the order of a simple catabolic pathway? |
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Definition
Large macro-molecules broken down into simple molecules.
Simple molecules converted to acetyl Co A
Production of ATP from oxidation of Acetyl CoA |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer a phosphate group |
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Term
| What does a phosphorylase do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a phosphotase do? |
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Definition
| Removes a phosphate group |
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Term
| What does an isomerase do? |
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Definition
| Reorders the arrangement of atoms in a molecule |
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Term
| What does dehydrogenase do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a dehydratase do? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Phosphorylates glucose to form Glucose-6-phosphate |
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Term
| What does phosphoglucose isomerase do? |
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Definition
| Rearranges glucose-6-phosphate to form fructose-6-phosphate |
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Term
| What does phosphofructokinase do? |
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Definition
| Phosphorylates fructose-6-phosphate to form fructose-1,6-bisphosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| Cleave fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to GAP and DHAP |
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Term
| What does triose phosphate isomerase do? |
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Definition
| Convert DHAP into GAP and GAP into DHAP |
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Term
| What does glyceraldyhyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase do? |
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Definition
| Converts GAP into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and reduced NAD into NADH |
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Term
| What does phosphoglycerate kinase do? |
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Definition
| De-phosphorylates 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate into 3-phosphoglycerate? |
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Term
| What does phospho-glycerate mutase do? |
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Definition
| Rearranges 3-phosphoglycerate into 2-phosphoglycerate |
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Term
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Definition
| Dehydrates 2-phosphoglycerate into PEP |
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Term
| What does pyruvate kinase do? |
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Definition
| Dephosphorylates PEP into Pyruvate |
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Term
| If glycolysis takes place under anaerobic conditions what is the end product? |
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Definition
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Term
| If glycolysis takes place under anaerobic conditions what is the total number of ATP produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| If glycolysis takes place under aerobic conditions what is the total number of ATP produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| If glycolysis takes place under aerobic conditions what is the end product? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which three enzymes control the irreversible steps of glycolysis? |
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Definition
| Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase and Pyruvate kinase |
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Term
| What are the three reasons why metabolic pathways must be regulated? |
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Definition
| Homeostasis, Supply and demand and interactions with other cells |
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Term
| What are the four types of enzymes that control metabolic pathways? |
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Definition
| Enzymes at the start, irreversible enzymes, rate-limiting enzymes and enzymes that branch off. |
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Term
| How can you control the accessibility of the substrate? |
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Definition
| Restrict the substrate or the enzyme that hydrolyses that substrate |
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Term
| Glucose-6-phosphate can also be converted to ______? |
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Definition
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Term
| Outline the mechanism of positive allosteric control? |
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Definition
| Production of AMP activates phosphofructokinase which activates glycolysis |
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Term
| What is produced to activate glycolysis in low levels of energy? |
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Definition
| Adenylyl cyclase increases prodcution of ATP by adding two ADP molecules together to form one AMP and one ATP. The build up of AMP activates phosphofructokinase |
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Term
| Outline the mechanism of negative allosteric control? |
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Definition
| High levels of ATP inhibit the irreversible steps of glycolysis |
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Term
| Outline the mechanism of negative allosteric control in the muscles? |
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Definition
| Build up of lactic acid decreases the pH which activates phosphofructokinase |
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Term
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Definition
| Allow different tissues get their different levels of glucose e.g muscles have high affinity isoenzymes and normal tissues have lower affinity isoenzymes |
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Term
| What inhibits hexokinase? |
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Definition
| High levels of Glucose-6-phosphate |
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Term
| In the liver which enzyme converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do the liver and muscles need different enzymes to convert glucose into glucose-6-phosphate? |
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Definition
| Have different affinities for glucose so the liver can always make glucose-6-phosphate for glycogenesis |
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Term
| Which enzyme hexokinase or glucokinase has the higher Km value? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does glycolysis occur? |
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Definition
| In the cytosol of the cell |
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Term
| Where does the citric acid cycle occur? |
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Definition
| In the matrix of the mitochondria |
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Term
| What does pyruvate dehydrogenase do? |
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Definition
Convert pyruvate into Acetyl Coenzyme A
Produces one molecules of NADH |
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Term
| What does citrate synthase do? |
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Definition
| Combines oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA to form citrate |
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Term
| What does isocitrate dehydrogenase do? |
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Definition
| Dehydrogenates isocitrate to form a-ketoglutarate. Produces one molecule of NADH |
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Term
| What does a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase? |
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Definition
| Dehydrogenases alpha-ketoglutarate to form succinyl CoA. Produces one molecules of NADH |
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Term
| What does succinyl CoA synthase do? |
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Definition
| Converts succinyl CoA into succinate and produces one molecules of GTP |
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Term
| What does succinate dehydrogenase do? |
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Definition
| Converts succinate to fumarate and produces one molecule of FADH2 |
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Term
| What does maltate dehydrogenase do? |
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Definition
| Converts maltate to oxaolacetate and produces one molecules of NADH |
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Term
| What are the three key steps in the citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
| Pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase |
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Term
| What inhibits the citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stimulates the citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can citrate also be converted into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can a-ketoglutamate also be converted into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can succinyl CoA also be converted into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can oxaloacetate also be converted into? |
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Definition
| Amino acids, nucleic acids |
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Term
| What is the overall equation for the citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
| Acetyl CoA + 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi -> 2CO2 + 3NADH + FADH2 + GTP + CoA |
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Term
| Why is glucose oxdised in steps? |
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Definition
| Generates small amounts of energy so little is lost as heat |
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Term
| From one molecule of glucose what is the net gain from the citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur? |
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Definition
| In the cristae of the mitochondria |
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Term
| What is the electron motive force? |
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Definition
| The flow of electrons that pulls hydrogen ions from the matrix into the intermembrane space |
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Term
| What is the proton motive force? |
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Definition
| The movement of H+ ions back into the matrix that creates ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecule that accepts H+ ions during oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| Whatd does FMN stand for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What other molecules accept H+ ions during oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| Heme groups, Fe-S clusters and copper ions |
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Term
| What are the names of the four reducing proteins in oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| NADH-Q oxioreductase, Succinate-Q-reductase, Q-cytochrome C oxidoreducatse, Cytcochrome C oxidase and |
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Term
| What is the order of affinity for electrons of the four reducing proteins in oxdiative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| NAFH-Q oxioreducatse, Succinate-Q reductase, Q-cytochrome C oxidoreductase and then Cytochrome C oxidase |
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Term
| Outline the mechanism at NADH-Q oxioreductase? |
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Definition
1)Electrons released from two molecules of NADH to FMN
2)Electrons released from FMNH2 to a Fe-S group
3)Electrons released from Fe-S group combine with two H+ ions from matrix to convert Q into QH2
4)4H+ ions are pumper from the matrix into the intermembrane space |
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Term
| What is the net effect at NADH-Q oxioreductase? |
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Definition
| 4H+ ions pumped from matrix and 2H+ ions used up in QH2 |
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Term
| What is the other name for coenzyme Q? |
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Definition
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Term
| What atom accept the electrons in Co enzyme Q |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the polarity of coenzyme Q? |
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Definition
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Term
| Outline the mechanism at Succinate-Q reductase complex? |
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Definition
1)FADH2 releases elctrons to Fe-S group
2)Fe-s group releases electrons to Q which combine with to H+ ions from the matrix to form QH2 |
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Term
| What is the main difference between NADH-Q oxioreductase and Succinate-Q reducatse? |
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Definition
| No H+ ions are pumped into the intermembrane space at Suucinate-Q reductase |
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Term
| What does Cytocrome C do? |
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Definition
| Carry one electron from Q-cytochrome C oxioreductase to Cytochrome C oxidase |
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Term
| Outline the mechanism at Q-cytochrome-C oxioreductase? |
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Definition
1)Electrons transferred from QH2 to the Q cycle
2)Electrons and 2H+ from the matrix reduce cytochrome C to reduced cytochrome C
3)As a result 4H+ ions are pumped into the intermembrane space |
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Term
| What is the net production at Q-cytochrome C oxioreducatse? |
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Definition
| 4H+ ions are pumped into teh intermembrane space and 2H+ ions are moved into the Q-cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| The cycle that produces reduced cytochrome C at Q-cytochrome C oxioreductase |
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Term
| Outline the mechanism at Cytochrome C oxidase? |
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Definition
1)Four lots of reduced cytochrome c are oxidised to cytochrome C
2)Four electrons are then transferred to cyt A then cyt A3 then a Fe-Cu group
3)O2 and 4H+ ions from teh matrix combine with the Fe-Cu group to form 2H20
3)4H+ ions are pumped into the intermembrance space |
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Term
| What is the net production at Cytochrome C oxidase? |
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Definition
| 4H+ ions into the intermembrane space and 4H+ ions used to make water |
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Term
| Waht are cyt A and cyt A3? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do cyanide and carbon monoxide affect the mitochondria? |
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Definition
| React with cyt A and cyt A3 to prevent the transfer of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| The enzyme that uses the proton motive force to produce ATP |
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Term
| What are the two parts to ATP synthase? |
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Definition
| The catalytic unit and the proton conducting unit? |
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Term
| Outline how the ATP synthase enzyme works? |
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Definition
1)High concentration of H+ ions in intermembrane space cause H+ ions to diffuse into the proton conducting unit
2) The movement of H+ ions rotates the gamma unit which releases ATP from the beta units.
3)The H+ ions are released back into the matrix |
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