Term
Signs & Symptoms of inadequate ventilation
|
|
Definition
Abnormal Rate/Rhythm of respirations
Adventitious breath sounds
Pauses between sentences
Use of accessory muscles
Retration of interspaces on inspiration
Abnormal pulmonary function studies |
|
|
Term
Signs & Symptoms of inadequate ventilation
|
|
Definition
Cough (hacking, brassy, wheezing, hemoptysis, productive/nonproductive)
Increased sputum production (purulent, rusty, bloody, mucoid)
Purse-lipped breathing
Weight loss
SOB |
|
|
Term
Signs & Symptoms of inadequate ventilation
|
|
Definition
Pleuritic chest pain
Voice change
Fatigue
Unexplained apprehension, restlessness, irritability, confuison or lethargy
Combativeness
Coma |
|
|
Term
Signs & Symptoms of inadequate ventilation
|
|
Definition
Combativeness
Coma
Tachypnea
Tachycardia
Mild HTN
Dysrhythmias
Hypotension
Cyanosis |
|
|
Term
Signs & Symptoms of inadequate ventilation
|
|
Definition
Cool, clammy skin
Diaphoresis
Decreased urinary output |
|
|
Term
Signs & Symptoms of inadequate ventilation Objective Signs
|
|
Definition
Inspection, Palpation, Percussion, Auscultation
ABGs
Pulse Oximetry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacterial infection disease transmitted by mycobacterium tuberculosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Spread airborne via water droplets, not highly contagious, usually contracted through repeated close contact. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacilli multiply without initial resistance, CMI is activated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Central portion of the lesion undergoes necrosis, 2nd most common cause of death from infectious disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Experience of multi-drug resistant strains of M.tuberculosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Once a strain develops resistance to isoniazid and rifampin, it is defined as MDR-TB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MDR-TB develops because patient had poor compliance with the drug therapy, follow up treatment or were placed on regimens which were not effective |
|
|
Term
Tuberculosis Etiology and Pathophysiology |
|
Definition
M.tuberculosis is gram positive |
|
|
Term
Tuberculosis Etiology and Pathophysiology |
|
Definition
Acid test bacillus is usually spread from person to person via air droplets thru close contact |
|
|
Term
Tuberculosis Etiology and Pathophysiology |
|
Definition
Spread from close contact (6 inches of person's mouth) |
|
|
Term
Tuberculosis Etiology and Pathophysiology |
|
Definition
The droplets are so small the particles remain airborne for hours |
|
|
Term
Tuberculosis Etiology and Pathophysiology |
|
Definition
Once inhaled the small nuclei lodge in alveoli in the small distal airways of the lungs |
|
|
Term
Tuberculosis Etiology and Pathophysiology |
|
Definition
Replicates slowly and spreads via lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
Tuberculosis Etiology and Pathophysiology |
|
Definition
Organisms find favorable environments for growth primarily in the upper lobes of lungs, kidneys, epiphyses of bone, cerebral cortex and adrenal glands |
|
|
Term
Tuberculosis Etiology and Pathophysiology |
|
Definition
CMI limits further multiplication and spread of infection in the body |
|
|
Term
Tuberculosis Etiology and Pathophysiology |
|
Definition
After the cellular immune system is activated where a characterisitc tissue granuloma forms from the alveolar macrophages containing further further replication |
|
|
Term
| Tuberculosis Etiology & Pathophysiology |
|
Definition
| With the macrophage granuloma the patient now has TB which will be detected 2-10 weeks for a positive reaction |
|
|
Term
| Tuberculosis Etiology & Pathophysiology |
|
Definition
| Granuloma is not usually visible and as a result the infection remains contained and active disease MAY never occur |
|
|
Term
| Tuberculosis Etiology & Pathophysiology |
|
Definition
| Persons who are infected by do not have the disease cannot spread the infection to others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infection occurs when the bacteria is inhaled |
|
|
Term
| TB infection - after inhalation |
|
Definition
| An effective immune response renders the bacteria inactive |
|
|
Term
| TB infection - after encapsulation/immune response |
|
Definition
| Most people's immune system encapsulate these organisms for the rest of their lives preventing primary infection progression into diease |
|
|
Term
| TB infection - laten TB infection |
|
Definition
| A person who does not have active TB diease |
|
|
Term
| TB infection - if inital immune response is inadequate |
|
Definition
| The control of the organism is not maintained and active primary disease results |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Active bacteria that multiply and cause clinically active disease |
|
|
Term
| TB disease - dormancy and visibility |
|
Definition
| TB organisms persist for years, once infected 3-5% develop disease within one year, another 3-5% develop in their lifetime |
|
|
Term
| TB disease - reactivation |
|
Definition
| LTBI can occur if the host's defense become impaired as with older adults, secondary/oppertunistic infections and immunosuppressive therapy |
|
|
Term
Classification of TB Class O |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Classification of TB Class 1 |
|
Definition
| TB exposure, no infection, negative ppd |
|
|
Term
Classification of TB Class 2 |
|
Definition
| Laten TB infection, no disease, reaction to ppd |
|
|
Term
Classification of TB Class 3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Classification of TB Class 4 |
|
Definition
| TB but not clinically active |
|
|
Term
Classification of TB Class 5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TB Manifestations - Early Stages |
|
Definition
| Person is usually free from symptoms, peeps with LTBI have positive skin tests but asymptomatic |
|
|
Term
| TB Manifestations - Active TB |
|
Definition
| May initally present with fatigue, malaise, anorexia, unexplained weight loss, low grade fevers and night sweats; classic sign is a cough with white frothy sputum |
|
|
Term
| TB Manifestations - Active TB |
|
Definition
| Dyspnea is unusual, hemoptysis is not common and only associated with more common cases |
|
|
Term
| TB Manifestations - Active |
|
Definition
| Acute sudden manifestations such as high fever, chills, flu-like symptoms, pleuritic pain and productive cough |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TB skin test- PPD; purified protein deriviative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PPD- induration at the injection site after 48-72 hours indicates exposure and has developed antibodies |
|
|
Term
| TB Diagnostic Studies - CXR |
|
Definition
| Not possible to make diagnosis of TB with CXR; CXR findings suggestive of TB include upper lung lobe inflitrates, cavitary infiltrates and lymph node involvement |
|
|
Term
| TB Diagnostic Studies - Diagnosis requires |
|
Definition
| Demonstration of TB bacteriology; initial testing of microscopic exam of stained sputum for acid-fast bacilli; 3 consecutive sputum specimens collected on different days sent for smear and culture taking up to 8 weeks |
|
|
Term
TB Drug Therapy - Active Disease
4 drugs in inital phase |
|
Definition
INH
Rifampin
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol |
|
|
Term
TB Drug Therapy - Active Disease
Drug Susceptibility |
|
Definition
| If test results indicate bacteria are susceptible to all drugs ethambutol may be DC'ed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| INH generally used for 9 months of effective use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indigenous to North America soil in river valleys; inhalation of mycelia into lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Often free of symptoms, generally self limiting, chronic disease similar to TB. Treated with antifungal meds |
|
|
Term
| Cystic Fibrosis Patho/Etiology |
|
Definition
| Autosomal recessive multisystem disease characterized by altered function of the exocrine glands involving the lungs, pancreas and sweat glands |
|
|
Term
| Cystic Fibrosis Patho/Etiology |
|
Definition
| Abnormally thick abundant secretions from mucous glands lead to a chronic diffuse obstructive pulmonary disorder in almost all patients |
|
|
Term
| Cystic Fibrosis Patho/Etiology |
|
Definition
| Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is associated with most cases, sweat glands excrete increased amounts of soduim and chloride |
|
|
Term
| Cystic Fibrosis Patho/Etiology - Incidence |
|
Definition
| Mainly under the age of 18, white males. |
|
|
Term
| Cystic Fibrosis Patho/Etiology |
|
Definition
| CF gene located at chromosome 7 and produces a protein called CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR) |
|
|
Term
| Cystic Fibrosis Patho/Etiology CFTR Protein |
|
Definition
| Localizes to the lining of the exocrine portion of particular organs such as the airways, pancreatic ducts, sweat glands and reproductive tract |
|
|
Term
| Cystic Fibrosis Patho/Etiology CFTR Regulation |
|
Definition
| Regulates Na and CL channels, mutations alter the protein so the channels are blocked |
|
|
Term
| Cystic Fibrosis Patho/Etiology - CFTR Channel Blocking |
|
Definition
| Results in passageways of lungs, pancreas and other organs producing abnormally thick sticky mucus which obstructs the airways and glands which undergo fibrosis and decreased chloride reabsorption in sweat glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Upper and lower respiratory tracts can be affected |
|
|
Term
| CF Respiratory System - Upper Respiratory |
|
Definition
| manifestations may be present and include chronic sinusitis and nasal polyposis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Classic sign is the affect on the airways |
|
|
Term
| CF Mortality and Morbidity |
|
Definition
| Obstruction of the exocrine glands by mucus is the main cause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disease progresses from being a disease of the small airways to involvement of the larger airways finally causing destruction o lung tissue |
|
|
Term
CF Respiratory System
Thick secretions |
|
Definition
| obstruct bronchioles and lead to air trapping and hyperinflation of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| CF Respiratory System Stasis of Mucus |
|
Definition
| Provides a growth medium for bacteria |
|
|
Term
| CF Respiratory System Characterized |
|
Definition
| Chronic Airway infection that is difficult to eradicate, pulmonary inflammation may precede the chronic infection and cause respiratory decline |
|
|
Term
| CF Respiratory System; Lung disorders associated with |
|
Definition
| Chronic bronchiolitis and bronchitis and after time bronchiectasis |
|
|
Term
| CF Respiratory System Remodeling |
|
Definition
| pulmonary vascular; occurs due to local hypoxia and arteriolar vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| CF Respiratory System Later phases of disease |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary HTN and Cor Pulmonale as well as blebs and large cysts |
|
|
Term
| CF Respiratory System - Initial and Overall Lung Disease |
|
Definition
| Caused by overall obstruction of the airways with mucus. Later progresses to a restrcitive lung diseas due to the fibrosis, lung destruction and thoracic wall changes |
|
|
Term
| CF Pancreatic System Insufficiency Cause |
|
Definition
| primarly by mucous plugging fo the pancreatic duct and branches resulting in fibrosis of the acinar glands of the pancreas |
|
|
Term
| CF Pancreatic System; Exocrine function alteration |
|
Definition
| often altered and may be lost completely; the enzymes do not reach the intestine to digest nutrients |
|
|
Term
| CF Pancreatic System altered function results |
|
Definition
| Malabsorption of fats, proteins and fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E and K) resulting in failure to grow and gain weight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pt secrete abnormal volumes of sweat but NaCl cannot be absorbed from sweat as it moves through the sweat duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abdominal pain usually caused by GERD or gastritis, with GERD a major problem with pulmonary disease with an unknown ability to enhance each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Distal Intestinal Obstruction Disorder, a syndrome that results from intermittent obstruction commonly in the ileal cecal areas in the patient with pancreatic insufficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Liver involement occurs most commonly between ages of 10 and 20. Biliary cirrhosis not reconzied until late disease; gallstones, pancreatitis and portal HTN can occur |
|
|
Term
| CF Manifestations - Initial Child S/S |
|
Definition
| In childhood - failure to grow, clubbing, persistent cough with mucus production, tachypnea and large frequent bowel movements with abdomen distention with emanciated appearance of extremities and breathing problems |
|
|
Term
| CF Manifestations - Inital S/S Adult |
|
Definition
| Adult - frequent cough, which become persistent and produces viscous purulent often greenish colored sputum as the prevalence of pseudomonas occur in up to 80% of adolescents with CF |
|
|
Term
| CF Manifestations -S/S; Adult |
|
Definition
| other respiratory problems may be lung infections such as bronchiolitis, bronchitis, pneumonia. As disease progresses periods of clinical stability are interrupted by exacerbations characterized by increased cough, weight loss, increased sputum and decreased pulmonary function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pneumothorax, hemoptysis, clubbing, respiratory failure and cor pulmonale |
|
|
Term
| Care/Treatment CF Patient |
|
Definition
| Promote clearance of secretions, control infections in lungs and provide adequate nutrition |
|
|
Term
| Care/Treatment CF Patient |
|
Definition
| Aerosol and nebulization treatments liquefy mucus and facilitate coughing |
|
|
Term
| Care/Treatment CF Patient - Drugs |
|
Definition
Dnase - decreases sputum viscosity and increase airflow
Bronchodilators- B2 adrenergic antangonists such as (Theophylline) and mucolytics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acute inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by microbial organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leading cause of death from infectious disease in the US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more likely to result when immune compromised |
|
|
Term
| Pneumonia - non secondary infection |
|
Definition
| decreased consciousness depresses the cough and epiglottal reflexes which allows for aspiration leading to infection |
|
|
Term
| Pneumonia - Acquisition of organisms |
|
Definition
1.Aspiration
2.Inhalation of microbes
3.Hematogenous spread from primary infection elsewhere in body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.Community-acquired pneumonia
2.Hospital acquired, Ventilator-Associated and Health Care Pneumonia
3.Aspiration Pneumonia
4.Opportunistic Pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| Community acquired pneumonia |
|
Definition
| lower respiratory tract infection of lung parenchyma with onset in the community or during the first 2 days of hospitalization-pneumococcal pneumonia cases peak during midwinter |
|
|
Term
| Community-acquired pneumonia - organisms commonly associated with |
|
Definition
1.S.pneumonia
2. H. influenze
3. Atypical organisms (Legionella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia and other viruses) |
|
|
Term
| Community acquired pneumonia - Treatment |
|
Definition
| Starts with macrolide (mycin or doxycycline), if comorbidites are present a B-lactam antibiotic may be added |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pneumonia occurring 48hrs or longer after hospital admission and not incubating at the time of hospitalization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2nd most common nosocomial infection, usually caused by bacteria, major problem due to multidrug resistant organisms increasing morbidity and mortality |
|
|
Term
| Ventilator-Associated pneumonia |
|
Definition
| Pneumonia occuring 48-72 hours after endotracheal intubation |
|
|
Term
| Healthcare Associated Pneumonia |
|
Definition
| any pt. with new onset pneumonia who was hospitalized in an acute care hospital for 2 or more days within 90 days of infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the sequelae occuring from abnormal entry of secretions or substances into the lower airway following aspiration of material from the URT into the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Patient with altered immune responses are highly susceptible to respiratory infections, especially gram negative bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Opportunistic Pneumonia - At risk |
|
Definition
Those with
1.severe protein calorie malnutrition
2.immune deficiencies
3.transplants and treated with immunosuppressive drugs
4.reated with radiation therapy, chemo and corticsteroids |
|
|
Term
| Manifestations of Pneumocystis Jiroveci pneumonia |
|
Definition
| CXR usually shows diffuse bilateral alveolar pattern of infiltration, in widespread disease lungs are massively consolidated |
|
|
Term
| Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia s/s |
|
Definition
1.Fever
2.Tachypnea
3.Tachycardia
4.Dyspnea
5.Non-productive cough
6.Hypoxemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pneumococcal pneumonia is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia caused by streptococcus pneumoniae |
|
|
Term
| Patho of Pneumonia 4 Chacteristic stages of the disease process; 1-Congestion |
|
Definition
| After the penumococcus organisms reach the alveoli there is an outpouring of fluid into the alveoli, the organisms multiply in the serous fluid and the infection spreads |
|
|
Term
| Patho of Pneumonia 4 Chacteristic stages of the disease process; 2. Red Hepatization |
|
Definition
| Massive dilation of the capillaries; alveoli are filled with organisms, neutrophils, RBS and fibrin; the lung appears red and granular similar to the liver |
|
|
Term
| Patho of Pneumonia 4 Chacteristic stages of the disease process; 3. Gray Hepatization |
|
Definition
| Blood flow decreases and the leukocytes and fibrin consolidate in the affected part of the lung |
|
|
Term
| Patho of Pneumonia 4 Chacteristic stages of the disease process; 4. Resolution |
|
Definition
| Complete resolution and healing occur if no complications, the exudate becomes lysed and is processed by the macrophages. Normal lung tissue is restored and the person's gas exchange ability returns to normal |
|
|
Term
| Manifestations of Pneumonia |
|
Definition
| Sudden onset of fever, shaking, chills, SOB cough productive of purulent sputum and pleuritic chest pain; occasionally confusion or stupor may be evident |
|
|
Term
| Manifestations of Pneumonia - Physical exam |
|
Definition
| Signs such as dullness to percussion, increased fremitus, bronchial breath sounds, and crackles |
|
|
Term
| Complications of Pneumonia |
|
Definition
1. Pleurisy
2. Pleural Effusion, 40% of all patients develop
3. Atelectasis
4. Bacteremia - bacterial infection in the blood, occurs in 30% of pneumococcal pneumonia and associated with a 20% mortality rate which goes to 60% in the elderly
5. Lung abscess
6. Empyema
7. Pericarditis
8. Meningitis
9. Endocarditis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid intake of at least 3L/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Utilized for patient with unilateral lung disease to achieve better oxygenation |
|
|
Term
| Bilateral Lung Disease position |
|
Definition
| Position the patient with the right lung down to provide best ventilation and perfusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome- serious acute respiratory infection caused by a coronavirus; spread by close contact between people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, inflammation causes an increases in teh airway hyper-responsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough particularly at night or early morning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 40% of all cases related to an allergic response, seasonal or non-seasonal |
|
|
Term
| Asthma Triggers - Seasonal |
|
Definition
| Seen in mainly young adults and children |
|
|
Term
| Asthma Triggers, Respiratory infections |
|
Definition
| Viral not bacterial or allergy microorganisms is the major precipitating factors of an acute asthma attack - flu and rhinovirus are the major pathogens in older kids and adults |
|
|
Term
| Asthma Triggers-Drug&Food |
|
Definition
1. Nasal polpys, asthma and sensitivity to aspirin and NSAIDs
2. Salicylates
3. Beta adrenergic blockers
4. Emotional distress - crying, laughing, anger and fear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic inflammation leads to airway hyper-responsiveness and acute airflow limitation; exposure to allergens or irritants initiates inflammatory cascade |
|
|
Term
| Asthma Patho - Cells involved |
|
Definition
| Inflammatory cells, mast cells, macrophages, eosinophils, neutriphils, T&B lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough; may be abrupt or gradual lasting from minutes to hours. Inspiratory/Expiratory ratio may increase from 1:2 to 1:3/1:4 |
|
|
Term
| Asthma Manifestations - Variant Asthma |
|
Definition
| Asthma with cough as the only symptom |
|
|
Term
| Classification of Asthma; 1 |
|
Definition
| Mild/intermittent; symptoms < 2 times week |
|
|
Term
| Classification of Asthma; 2 |
|
Definition
| Mild/persistent - symptoms >2 times a wee but <1 time a day |
|
|
Term
| Classification of Asthma - 3 |
|
Definition
| Moderate persistent - daily symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Classification of Asthma - 4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| severe, life-threatening asthma attac that is refractory to usual treatments and places the patient at risk for developing respiratory failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Longer it lasts, worse it gets; worse it gets, longer it lasts |
|
|
Term
| Status Asthmaticus - Manifestations |
|
Definition
| Results from increased airway resistance as a consequence of edema, mucus plugging and severe bronchospasm with subsequent air trapping, hyperinflation, hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis |
|
|
Term
| Asthma Treatment - Mild/Intermittent |
|
Definition
| inhaled beta adrenergic agonists - cromolyn, nedocromil |
|
|
Term
| Asthma Treatment - Persistent |
|
Definition
| Inhaled corticosteroids daily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Begin 02, initial therapy includes beta 2 adrenergic agonists administered by metered dose inhaler using spacer devices or nebulizer every 20 minutes for one hour |
|
|
Term
| Acute Asthma - Severe attack |
|
Definition
| Anticholinergic med - Atrovent- nebulized along with beta 2 adrenergic agonist; corticosteroids indicated if initial response isnt sufficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Preventable and treatable disease state characterized by airflow limitations that is not fully reversible |
|
|
Term
| COPD Diseases - Chronic Bronchitis |
|
Definition
| Presence of chronic productive cough for 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years |
|
|
Term
| COPD Diseases - Emphysema |
|
Definition
| Abnormal, permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by obstruction of their walls and w/o fibrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cigarette smoer is major ris factor - 80-90% of COPD deaths are related to hyperplasia of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reduces the ciliary activity; produces abnormal dilation of the distal air space with destruction of alveolar walls |
|
|
Term
| COPD Etiology Smoking Later Stages |
|
Definition
| Thickening of the airway wall occurs by remodeling process related to tissue repair and the inability of cilia to clear mucus resulting in accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the airway lumen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic inflammation found in the airways, lung parenchyma and pulmonary vasculature. Primary process is inflammation |
|
|
Term
| COPD Characterisitc Manifestations |
|
Definition
1. Mucus hyper-secretion
2. Dysfunction of the cilia
3. Airflow limitation
4. Hyper-inflation of the lungs
5. Gas exchange abnormalities
6. Pulmonary hypertension
7. Cor pulmonale |
|
|
Term
| COPD Characterisitc Manifestations |
|
Definition
| mucus hyper-secretion and dysfunction of cilia lead to chronic cough and sputum production |
|
|
Term
| COPD Characterisitc Manifestations |
|
Definition
| Inability to expire air is the main characteristic, main sites of airflow limitations is in the smaller airways and is due to remodeling |
|
|
Term
| COPD Typical S/S manifestation |
|
Definition
| Typically develop slowly around 50 yr of age after 20 pack years of smoking; intermittent cough is the earliest symptom occuring in the morning with expectoration of small amounts of sticky mucous pt only seeking help with an acute respiratory infection with dyspnea being the main concern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prolonged expiratory phase of respiration, wheezes or decreased breath sounds are noted in all lung fields; AP diameter of chest is increased |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cor pulmonale resulting from pulmonary hypertension; late manifestation of chronic pulmonary heart disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caused primarily by constriction of the pulmonary vessels in response to alveolar hypoxia, with acidosis further potentiating vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Dyspnea
2. Hypoxemia
3. Hypercarbia
4. Crackles heard in bases bilaterally
5. S3 Gallop
6. JVD
7. Hepatomegaly
8. Ascites
9. Epigastric distress
10. Peripheral edema
11. Weight gain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Continuous low flow 02
2. Diuretics with BUN/Creatine monitoring
3. Electrolytes monitored for hypoalemia
4. Arrhythmias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Signaled by a change in the patient's usual dyspnea, cough and sputum that is different from usual patterns; includes c/o malaise, insomnia, fatigue, depression, confusion, decrease in exercise tolerance, wheezing, cough and fever |
|
|
Term
| Acute Respiratory Failure |
|
Definition
| Patients with severe COPD who have exacerbations - cor pulmonale may also lead to respiratory failure as well as DC bronchodilators or corticosteroids; indiscriminate use of seatives, benzodiazepine and opiods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Incidence of peptic ulcer disease increased in persons with COPD; partly explained by hyper-secretion of gastric acid resulting from increased arterial CO2 and decreased arterial O2 tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Confirmed by pulmonary function tests via spirometry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Purse-lipped breathing and diaphragmatic breathing. Prolongs exhalation and prevents bronchiolar collapse and air trapping |
|
|
