Term
| What is the function of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| It exchanges gas between blood and air. |
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Term
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Definition
| The measure of free hydrogen ions in a solution. |
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Term
| The __ H+ ions there are, the __ the pH is. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal blood pH for humans? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A condition where blood pH falls below 7.5. The drop in blood pH is caused by build up of hydrogen ions in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Overexertion, lack of breath, cancer, alcohol, hypoventiliation, and hypoglycemia. |
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Term
| What are some symptoms of acidosis? |
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Definition
| Rapid breathing, shock, confusion, lethargy, and in extreme cases death. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition where pH rises above 7.45. There is a rise in blood pH caused by build-up of bicarbonate (a base in blood). |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyperventilation, anxiety, fever, and kidney disorders. |
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Term
| What are some symptons of alkalosis? |
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Definition
| Slow breathing, dizziness, numbness in the hands and feet, and in extreme cases death. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical system that contains a weak acid or base. |
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Term
| What is a bicarbonate buffer? |
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Definition
| A primary blood system that helps maintain optimal blood pH. |
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Term
| What is the equilibrium reaction equation? |
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Definition
| H+ (aq) + HCO3-(aq) --> <-- H2CO3 (aq) --><-- H2O(l) + CO2 (g) |
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Term
| Adding a reactant to one side ___ the reaction to the opposite side. |
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Definition
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Term
| Removing a reactant from one said ___the reaction towards that side. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the primary functions of the lymbic system? |
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Definition
| Monitors internal homeostasis, mediates memory and learning, experiences emotion. |
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Term
| What does the reward pathway do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the reward pathway? |
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Definition
| The reward pathway is the lymbic pathway that evolved to reward us for behaviors that support our suvival . |
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Term
| When does addiction occur? |
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Definition
| Addiction occurs when the reward pathway is hijacked by a pleasure-causing agent. |
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Term
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Definition
| A juncture between two nerve cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pleasure-causing neurotransmitter in the reward pathway. |
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Term
| What is the nucleus accumbens? |
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Definition
| It controls the release of dopamine stimulated by amphetamine, cocaine, opiates, THC, ketamine, and nicotine. |
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Term
| What is the ventral tegmental area? |
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Definition
| This actually releases the dopamine. It is stimulated by opiates, alcohol, and barbituates (downers). |
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Term
| When can addiction occur? |
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Definition
| Addiction can occur when powerful pleasure-causing agents repeatedly overload the reward pathway with dopamine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Resistance to pleasure develops as brain responds to dopamine overload by reducing number of dopamine receptors. |
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Term
| What is unique about living things? |
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Definition
| They are self-contained systems that resist entropy (disorder). We grow, reproduce, have homeostasis, sense and respond to stimuli, and obtain and use energy. |
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Term
| What are the main elements that exist in earth? |
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Definition
| Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon is the backbone of our molecules. Carbon can form four bonds. |
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Term
| What are living things made of? |
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Definition
| Proteins, fats (lipids), sugars (carbohydrates), and nucleic acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbohydrates are polymers but made up monosaccharides. If you link them all together, they become a complex carbohydrate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins are polymers. Proteins will join together based on their charges. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipids come in the form of triglycerides. An example of a sterel fat is cholesterol. |
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Term
| Nucleic acids are made up of what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| All living things are made of cells. Every new cell is made from another cell. Not all cells are alike. Cells come in many shapes and sizes and perform various functions, depending on where they are found. |
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Term
| What are prokaryotic cells? |
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Definition
| Before nuclei (bacteria). It is less advanced. It is smaller, there are no organelles, they are primitive, and free floating DNA. |
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Term
| What is a eukaryotic cell? |
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Definition
| True nuclei (humans). More advanced. They are larger, have organelles (little organs), they are more advanced, and they have DNA in the nucleus. |
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Term
| What is the mitochondria? |
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Definition
| They are the cells power plants. They help extract energy from food and convert that energy into a useful form. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plant and algae. They are the sites of photosynthesis. |
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Term
| What are the primary functions of cells? |
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Definition
| The primary functions of cells is to express genes and instruct proteins (cells are little protein factories). |
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Term
| What are the two sets of organelles? |
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Definition
1. Protein production unit
2. Energy production set |
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Term
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Definition
| A rigid structure enclosing the cell membrane of some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape. Without a cell wall, cells would fill up and burst(osmosis). |
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Term
| What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? |
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Definition
| Vast network of membrane covered "pipes" that serve as a transport system throughout the cell. |
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Term
| What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum? |
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Definition
| It is studded with ribosomes that make proteins. Gene expression organelle. |
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Term
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Definition
| The site of lipid production. The cell membrane contains fats and this is where they are made. |
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Term
| What is the golgi apparatus? |
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Definition
| The golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins produced in the rough ER. The processed molecules are packaged into membrane vesticles, then targeted and transported to their final destinations. |
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Term
| What networks produce and transport proteins? |
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Definition
| Nucleus, ER, and golgi apparatus. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are full of digestive enzymes to breakdown worn out cells parts or molecules so they can be used to build new cellular structures. |
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Term
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Definition
| A network of protein fibers that carry out a variety of functions, including cell support, cell movement, and movement of structures within cells. Each cytoskeleton has a specific structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory that mitochondria and prokaryotic cells were once free floating cells. The prokaryotic cells engulfed other prokaryotic cells billions of years ago forming eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. |
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