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Research
Internal & External Validity
18
Education
Graduate
10/30/2010

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Term
Internal Validity
Definition
The extent to which the observed effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable are real and not caused by extraneous factors
Term
External Validity
Definition
The ability to generalize study results to other groups and settings beyond those in the current study
Term
History effect
Definition
An event occuring between pretest and posttest other than the independent variable that could affect the dependent variable

The best way a researcher can control for the history effect is to use a control group that was not exposed to the event




An event occuring between pretest and posttest other than the independent variable that could affect the dependent variable



The best way a researcher can control for the history effect is to use a control group that was not exposed to the event
Term
Maturation effect
Definition
Changes that occur in subjects because of time that has elapsed

A control group would eliminate this problem
Term
Testing effects
Definition
Differences seen form baseline to posttest.

Use of a control group that does not recieve any pretesting.
Term
Instrumentation
Definition
Things used to collect data in the study.

Using well-designed instruments.
Term
Selction Bias
Definition
When individuals are selected in a nonrandom manner.

Recruiting volunteers and then randomly assigning them to groups, pretesting groups on measures of the dependent variable,or matching participants on selected characteristic and then randomly assigning them to groups.
Term
Selection Maturation Effect
Definition
Using intact groups that vary in their maturation level.

Pretesting and/or prescreening groups on maturity levels.
Term
Statistical Regression
Definition
Participants are selected on the basis of their extremely high or low scores.

Study could be designed to follow a random sample of individuals who represent the full range of qualities.
Term
Mortality/Attrition
Definition
Participants my be lost due to death, drop out, move, etc.

Document and analyze the data and determine if the group makeup has changed by the end of study.
Term
Hawthorne effect
Definition
Participants attitudes about being invlolved in the study make then behave differently.

Use a control group that is provided with some type of special treatment.
Term
Placebo effect
Definition
Participants expectations effecting outcome rather than by any provided treatment.

Give both the control group and the experiment groups the same information so that they would have similar expectations.
Term
Diffusion effect
Definition
Treatment being applied to one group spills over or contaminates another group.

Use very similar group that are located away from one another.
Term
Location effect
Definition
Differences in the location where interventions take place.

Make the locations the same for all participants.
Term
Implementation effect
Definition
Inadvertently introducing inequality or bias into the study.

Have someone present the study that is neutral on the subject.
Term
Selection Treatment Interaction
Definition
A threat that concerns the ability of a researcer to generalize the results of a study beyond the groups involved.

Random selection of participants within the groups can help with this threat
Term
Setting treatment Interaction
Definition
The extent to which the environmental conditions or setting under which an experimental study was conducted can be duplicated in other settings.

The researcher must try to best recreate the experiment in the same surrounding and settings.
Term
History Treatment Interaction
Definition
When the researcher tries to generalize findings to past and future situations.

Researchers should realize that some experiments may be time-sensitive and conduct the research around the same time as before.
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