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Definition
| An approach that takes advantage of naturally occurring events or available information to generate new insights |
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Term
1. Describe the sample that makes up the study
2. Describe a problem or phenomenon
3. Document incidence or prevalence of health conditions
4. Document developmental phenomenon
5. Establish norms |
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Definition
| 5 uses of descriptive studies |
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Definition
| how many people have a condition within a certain time frame |
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Definition
| establishes what is typical for a certain population. Important in practice as a basis for planning remediation and predicting future performance |
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Definition
| proportion of population with a condition (% |
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Definition
| Describes patterns of change in typical growth and development. Generally a cohort design of following a sample of participants over time and measuring at various intervals to collect data on changes in variables. |
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Term
1, Secondary Analysis/Incidence or Prevalence Studies
(primarily in public health & medical research)
2. Normative research
3. Developmental
4. Case Study (Quantitative or Qualitative)
-Retrospective, descriptive study
5. Survey |
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Definition
| Types of Descriptive research designs |
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Definition
| an in-depth review and description of an individual’s condition or response to treatment, or can be a group/institution such as a school, community site, or healthcare setting. Often retrospective. |
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Definition
| In-depth analysis of behaviors of a single subject or small group of subjects which serve as their own controls |
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Definition
| Brief interview with an individual/s on specific topic that is face to face or via questionnaire (later more common) |
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Term
-Observation
-Interview
-Survey
-Record review
-Equipment
-Tests, assessments, and inventories |
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Definition
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Term
-Event Recording
-Duration Recording
-Interval Recording or Time Sampling
-Nominal data |
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Definition
| Types of observation recording |
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Term
| Momentary interval sampling: |
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Definition
Interval sampling:
-moment in time i.e., every 5 seconds |
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Definition
Interval sampling:
-how many times something occurs within a time period |
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Term
-Ratio
-Interval
-Ordinal
-Nominal |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Type of data:
-Highest level of measurement
-Interval scale with an absolute zero
-A score of zero represents total absence of property being measured
-Negative values not possible |
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Term
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Definition
| Range of motion, height, weight, blood pressure are examples of what type of data? |
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Definition
Type of data:
-Rank order
-Equal distances between variables
-Can apply some quantitative method |
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Definition
| Temperature, IQ score are examples of what type of data? |
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Definition
Type of data:
-Requires items to be rank ordered
-Data is organized into categories that exhibit a ‘more than, less than’ relationship
-Great deal of clinical constructs fall into this such as function, strength
-Surveys often use this type of research to describe attitudes or preferences (strongly agree, agree) |
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Definition
Type of data:
-Purely labels for identification
-No quantitative value |
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Definition
| Blood type, male/female and Questionnaires code such as (0) no (1) yes, (0) disagree (1) agree are examples of what type of data? |
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Definition
Analysis of data:
-mean, median, mode |
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Definition
Analysis of data:
-range and standard deviation |
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Term
-Frequencies and percentages
-Central tendencies
-Relative position |
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Definition
| How to analyze data in a descriptive study |
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Term
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Definition
| An article that provides a summary of the scientific literature about a topic |
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Definition
| has a systematic process of looking at the literature; has specific search terms and specific types of research they are looking at to see if all the literature on a particular topic is effective; usually randomized controlled trials |
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Definition
| statistical analysis of the studies that support a particular topic (review of literature) usually use randomized controlled trials |
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Definition
| An article that provides a structured report of findings from a research investigation |
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Definition
| An article that provides a structured description of a novel approach to assessment and/or intervention with a single client or a small number of clients |
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Definition
| An article that discusses novel or controversial information about a topic of broad impact within a profession |
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Term
-Literature review
-Experimental report
-Case report
-Opinion paper |
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Definition
| Major types of research articles |
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Term
| Peer-reviewed journal article— |
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Definition
| A research article that has undergone intensive review by at least two other professionals who are considered peers of the authors in a given field of study |
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Term
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References |
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Definition
| Sections of research article |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 Important sections to focus on in a research article |
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Term
-Strength of evidence
-Size of the effect
-Relevance of the evidence |
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Definition
| Levels of evidence in quantitative research |
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Term
-Study design
-Quality of evidence
-Statistical precision |
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Definition
| Elements of "strength of evidence" |
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Term
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Definition
| To be at highest level of evidence can only include RCTs. |
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Term
| Randomized Control Trials (RCT): |
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Definition
| Participants don’t know if getting treatment or control/placebo. Reduces bias and increases validity of findings. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a comparison of one group with a condition with another group without the condition |
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Definition
| Report the effects of an intervention on one person with no control involved. |
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Term
§Blinding: subject/participant
§Reduces bias due placebo effect
§Double-blind: researcher & subject
§Also reduces researcher/experimenter bias & observation bias |
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Definition
| How well a study minimized bias |
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Term
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Definition
| Accuracy of outcomes using appropriate statistical analysis |
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Definition
| Indicates the degree of an effect from an intervention that exceeds an effect without intervention. |
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Definition
| Degree of confidence that the outcome of the intervention is a true effect versus by chance. Reported as a range. |
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Term
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Definition
| The relevance of an assessment tool used to measure effectiveness of an intervention |
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Definition
How well the researchers/authors:
-Describe the study background, the purpose, the research question, the methods, and analysis |
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Term
| Methodological congruence |
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Definition
Rigor in Procedures & Confirmability (enough detail to replicate the study)
-Reduce bias (equal weight of high versus low status informants)
-Reduce effect of researcher presence
--Ex: disclose status as an observer in a group
-Appropriate recruitment
-Sufficient amounts of data collected (saturation) to prevent fabrication of findings
-Confirmability of data collection and analysis |
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Term
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Definition
-Any propositions made are verified by the data
-Theoretical statements are close to findings
-The themes, categories, or theoretical statements must form a clear, cohesive picture
--Any themes or statements must be directly tied to the research without any assumptions or bias associated |
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Term
| Theoretical Connectedness |
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Definition
-Theoretical constructs and their relationships are validated by the data, clearly defined and sufficient to form a new theory or confirms existing theory
--Supporting or expanding on an existing theory or developing a new theory (needs to be clear in the discussion section of the research paper) |
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Term
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Definition
-Applicability of findings to practice
-The findings are consistent with the field’s knowledge base
-Importance of the finding to current knowledge
-New phenomenon acknowledge existing evidence or shows how it fills a gap |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of inquiry characterized by collecting data using structured questions to elicit self-reported information from a sample of people |
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Term
-Reach a large number of people (i.e., respondents)
-Have minimal expenditures related to data collection
-Collect data on numerous variables
-Perform statistical manipulation during data analysis that permits multiple uses of the data set |
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Definition
| Survey research allows investigators to: |
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Term
1. Nonresponse bias
2. Response bias |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Being unable to recall information accurately
-Interpreting the meaning of questions differently than the meaning intended by the researcher
-Choices that do not accurately express respondents’ experiences or opinions |
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Term
| Self-administered questionnaires |
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Definition
What type of survey is:
-Mailed
-Administered online
-Distributed and collected at convenient points of contact |
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Term
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Definition
What type of survey is:
-Telephone interviews
-Face-to-face interviews |
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Term
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Definition
What type of survey is:
-Historically, the most common method of collecting survey data
-Advantages include:
--Can be completed at the respondent’s convenience
--No time constraint
-Disadvantages include:
--Can be time consuming
--Many follow-ups may be required
--Response rate lower than interviews |
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Term
| Directly administered questionnaires |
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Definition
What kind of survey is:
-Given to participants in person at an opportune moment when the researcher has a captive audience
-Advantages include:
--Data collection takes less time
--No mailing costs
-Disadvantages include:
--Limits sampling strategies
--Less flexibility in time frame |
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Term
| Electronic questionnaires |
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Definition
What kind of survey is:
-Two methods of administration are e-mailed surveys and surveys accessible through the World Wide Web through a survey portal
-Advantages include:
--Faster administration
--Administration can incorporate features that paper questionnaires cannot
--Data can be directly imported for analysis
-Disadvantages include:
--Only people with computers or computer skill can be contacted
--Raises concerns over privacy and anonymity (if through email) |
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Term
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Definition
What kind of survey is:
-Data is collected by a trained interviewer who can ensure that the survey is administered in a standardized format
-Advantages include:
--Potentially short data collection period
--Cost less than face to face, but more than mailed & electronic
--Afford more perceived anonymity
--Easier to sample a large geographical area
-Disadvantages include:
--Less interviewer control
--Limited ability to support questionnaires with visual aids
--Only people with telephones can be contacted
--Opportunity to establish credibility is more limited |
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Term
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Definition
What kind of survey is:
-Data is collected in-person by trained interviewers
-Advantages include:
--Ideal for contacting hard-to-reach populations
--Reduce/eliminate missing data
-Disadvantages include:
--Cost of travel
--Longer data collection period
--Interviewer can be a source of bias
--Concerns about personal safety of the interviewers and lack of respondent anonymity |
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Term
1. Defining and clarifying the survey variables
2. Formulating the questions
3. Formatting the questionnaire or interview schedule
4. Piloting and revising the questionnaire/interview schedule |
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Definition
| Steps for building a questionnaire/interview: |
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Term
| Defining and clarifying the survey variables |
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Definition
Which step in the "building a questionnaire/interview process is the following:
-This may be done through a review of the literature and/or interacting with the target population
-“As many as necessary and as few as possible” is sound advice so as to minimize respondent burden and survey costs (Abramson & Abramson, 1999)
-Each of the variables should be clearly defined both conceptually and operationally |
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Term
| Formulating the questions |
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Definition
Which step in the "building a questionnaire/interview process is the following:
-Have face validity, that is, they should reflect what the investigator wants to know and be obvious in meaning for the respondents
-Ask about things for which the respondent can be expected to know the answer
-Be clear and unambiguous, be user-friendly, and not be offensive
-Questions should not contain assumptions or biases
-Can use open or closed-ended questions: |
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Term
| Formatting the questionnaire or interview schedule |
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Definition
Which step in the "building a questionnaire/interview process is the following:
-Clear instructions
-The survey should have an uncluttered appearance
-A 12-point type font is preferable (larger for limited vision)
-The questions should all start at the left margin
-All the parts of a question should be on the same page
-Response categories should have a vertical response format
-Response choices should have a numerical code to be circled
-Question sequence |
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Term
| Piloting and revising the questionnaire/interview schedule |
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Definition
Which step in the "building a questionnaire/interview process is the following:
-Through this step in the process, an investigator may determine:
--Whether respondents can reasonably understand and respond to the questions
--If the interviewers will be able to convey the questioning format as it is written
-The most common ways of gathering such data are focus groups, field pretesting, and individual interviews |
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Term
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Definition
| limit a respondent’s choices; however, they are easier to statistically analyze |
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Term
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Definition
| can provide more rich data, but challenging to analyze |
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Term
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Definition
| can be used to provide information to develop the questions and or to evaluation the questions once developed. |
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Term
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Definition
| have small sample of population (15-30) take questionnaire. |
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Term
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Definition
| ask participants to paraphrase their understanding of the questions, define the terms used in the questionnaire, and identify any confusion or concern |
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Term
-Sampling strategies
-Response rates
-How the survey is carried out |
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Definition
| Three key factors that influence study rigor are: |
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Term
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Definition
-Limited ability to generalize
-Not able to account for possible selection bias
-OK for exploratory or pilot study |
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Term
Simple random sample
Stratified random sample |
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Definition
| Two types of random surveys: |
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Term
-Ensuring access
-Gaining cooperation |
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Definition
| Reducing nonresponse rates in telephone and face-to-face interview surveys involves: |
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Term
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Definition
| Typical response rate for telephone or face to face interviews: |
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Term
-Developing a well-presented questionnaire and sending multiple mailings to nonrespondents
-Three mailings of the questionnaire and a cover letter are recommended, with the mailings about 1 month apart |
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Definition
| Reducing nonresponse rates in mailed surveys involves: |
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Term
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Definition
| Typical response rate for mailed surveys: |
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Term
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Definition
| research that includes in-depth analyses of the behaviors of a single research subject or of a relatively small group of subjects that is considered collectively |
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Term
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Definition
| research that is useful for answering questions regarding the effectiveness of specific interventions |
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Term
| Case study (this definition is from the book) |
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Definition
| a qualitative design in which researchers obtain and reveal information about a phenomenon from a single-subject under study by gathering in-depth information |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of research in which an investigator studies the effects of an intervention on a single individual over time with no control; is not considered to be randomized and also represents a lower level of evidence |
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Term
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Definition
| A longitudinal study of case report-information from a single group of subjects who were given a similar intervention |
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Term
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Definition
Advantages
-Typically 2-3 people (depends on the number of variables you are studying, sometimes 2-6)
-Recommend that you do a pilot study first
-Gives results more validity (gives strength to the outcomes)
-Can compare the individuals you studied |
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Term
| Single subject case study |
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Definition
Advantages
-In depth examination of whatever it might be
-More convenient in practice (easier to manage)
-Good for a novice researcher
-Describing a specific case
-Looking at progress over time
-Can modify the intervention over time to get better results |
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Term
-Background literature on patient problem/condition
-Full history of the patient
-A methods section that provides literature to support intervention used
-Results of the patient’s response to treatment, including tables and graphs to present data
-Areas for further study discussed |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
collecting data with the same group over long period of time
if the primary interest is the study of patterns of change. |
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Term
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Definition
collecting data on different age groups at same time
when the primary interest is description of typical individuals at various stages of life |
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Term
| Historically controlled studies |
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Definition
| compare a group receiving an intervention with retrospective data from another group that did not receive the intervention (smart phone app for out pt OT appointments) |
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Term
1. Descriptive Vividness
2. Methodological Congruence
3. Analytical Preciseness
4. Theoretical Connectedness
5. Heuristic Relevance |
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Definition
| 5 dimensions of Quality of Evidence |
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Term
1. Strength of Evidence
2. Effect of Size
3. Relevance of Evidence |
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Definition
| Levels of Evidence of Quantitative Research |
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Term
| Stratified random sampling |
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Definition
| type of sampling where the selection is taken from identified subgroups in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| type of sampling in which each member of the subset has an equal probability of being chosen |
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Definition
| Used to characterize the shape, central tendency, and variability within a set of data |
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Term
-Range
-Standard deviation
-Percentiles |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A structure is needed that allows us to recognize trends/averages |
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Term
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Definition
| total number of scores, called n |
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Definition
| table of rank ordered scores that shows the number of times a value occurred (it’s frequency) |
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Definition
| Typically represented as a frequency table |
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Term
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Definition
| number of new cases/incidents in certain time period (5 per 1000 people) |
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Definition
| total number of cases/incidents among population (15 per 1000) |
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Definition
| best for analysis of ratio and interval data |
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Definition
| is most meaningful for nominal data |
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Definition
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Definition
| Difference between lowest & highest score |
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Definition
| Score which represents its position relative to other scores |
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Term
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Definition
Divides distribution of scores into 4 equal parts
Provides a comparison of subgroups within a data set |
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